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Biology lab (based On Review) > Practical Lab 1 > Flashcards

Practical Lab 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three domains of life?

A

Archaea, bacteria, Eukarya

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2
Q

Which domains are prokaryotic? Which are eukaryotic?

A

Bacteria and archaea are prokaryotic. Eukarya are eukaryotic

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3
Q

What are the main internal structures of bacteria?

A

Loop of DNA called nucleoid region May have small plasmids as well as ribosomes Have peptidoglycan in their walls

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4
Q

What is the form of asexual reproduction used by bacteria? The sexual?

A

Asexual - binary fission Sexual - Conjugation

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5
Q

What are the three main heterotrophic bacteria?

A

Decomposers, pathogens, symbionts

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6
Q

What are the three shapes of bacteria? Describe.

A

Cocci - spherical Bacilli - Rods Spirilla - spirals/corkscrews

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7
Q

Which bacteria are gram positive? Why?

A

Large amount of peptidoglycan in walls turns it purple and means it’s gram positive Small amount of peptidoglycan in walls leaves it pink or red and means it is gram negative

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8
Q

Cyanobacteria are otherwise known as?

A

Blue green algae

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9
Q

Cyanobacteria are ________trophic

A

Autotrophic

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10
Q

Identify the structure indicated by the arrow

A

heterocyst

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11
Q

What are the three ways that cyanobacteria align themselves?

A

Colonies Filaments Single cells

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12
Q

Define heterocyst?

A

Nitrogen fixing piece on cyanobacteria

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13
Q

What are the three main types of protists?

A

Algae (plant-like) Protozoa (animal-like) Fungal like

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14
Q

Describe dinoflagellates

A

Plate like cellulose segments (theca), two flagella, large blooms = red tide

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15
Q

Describe euglenids

A

Spiral/crystalline rod, flexible pellicle outside, mixotrophic (both auto and heterotrophic), use phagocytosis and asexual reproduction

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16
Q

Describe diatoms

A

Unique glass-like wall, strong, component of diatomaceous earth

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17
Q

What are Chlorophytes otherwise known as?

A

Green algae

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18
Q

What are the three basic morphological types of chlorophytes?

A

Unicellular, colonial, filamentous

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19
Q

Describe unicellular chlorophytes

A

Light and too big to eat

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20
Q

Describe colonial chlorophytes

A

Heavy, may secrete mucilage

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21
Q

Describe Filamentous chlorophytes

A

Cellular differentiaton with the division in 1/2/3 planes. The third plane represents division of labour amoungst areas (one part anchors, etc.)

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22
Q

What are the primary features of plasmodial slime molds?

A

They use cytoplasmic streaming to move along a damp forest floor in a mass of cytoplasm called plasmodium. It is coenocytic (multinucleate) and has many nuclei in one cell.

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23
Q

Describe oomycetes

A

Cell walls have chitin

Can reproduce asexually/sexually

Sexual reproduction results in a thick walled zygote (oospore)

24
Q

Describe downy mildews and their reproduction

A

Downy mildews live on land and are parasites of plants.

Sporangiophores cover leaves/stems, and release sporangia, these land on other plants. If there is water present these sporangia germinate and produce zoospores. Zoospores enter plant tissue through stomata and develop hyphae. The mycelium feeds via haustorium (sucking nutrients out)

25
Describe water molds and their reproductive processes
Have a branched coenocytic **hyphae** Reproduce asexually with sporangia and sexually with **gametangia** Compatible oogonia/antheridium develop on hyphae. Oospheres in oogonia, male nuclei in antheridium. Fertilization tubes develop between the two and the nuclei fuse. 2n oosphere produced and develops into new hyphae
26
What is **mycorrhizae**?
Associations between roots of land plants and fungi. These increase the absorptive surfaces of the plant roots and aid in mineral exchange between the soil and the plant
27
Describe the basic structure of fungi
Single or multicellular. Hypha is the basic sctructure, and a mass of organisms is known as a mycelium. The hyphae of some fungi have septa (walls that separate cytoplasm/ nuclei). Cell walls of fungi are made of chitin
28
What is a saprophyte?
Organism that feeds on dead matter
29
What is a fungal parasite and what structurally can differentiate it from others?
A fungal parasite feeds on living matter. Many have modified hyphae called haustoria - thin extensions of the hyphae that penetrate living cells to absorb nutrients
30
What are the basic (asexual) reproductive processes of fungi?
Spores are produced in sporangia and conidia in conidiophores. Budding and fragmentation also occur.
31
Summarize sexual reproduction in fungi
Haploid nuclei in the mycelium, gamete is produced by mitosis/differentiation and join another via plasmogamy, joining of cytoplasm and creating a dikaryotic organism. Karyogamy is the fusion of nuclei causing diploid meiosis to follow quickly and haploid spores to form and be released
32
What are the three phyla of fungi?
Zygomycota, ascomycota, basidiomycota
33
Describe zygomycota
Zygomycota produce diploid "zygospores". Most live off of dead stuff/matter in the soil. Most are saprophytic and their haploid hyphae lack septa.
34
Describe the asexual reproduction of the zygomycote *Rhizopus stolonifera* (black bread mold)
There are three types of haploid hyphae, and most of the mycellium is submerged, has multiple nuclei, and no septa. Aerial hyphae called **stolons** form and **rhizoids** come from those. **Sporangia** form on the tips of **sporangiophores**, and haploid nucleid divide by mitosis to make spores
35
Describe the basic features of ascomycota
Ascomycota includes yeast, truffles, and morels. (other than yeasts) they are hyphal and have septa.
36
Describe the asexual reproduction of most ascomycota, and yeast
Ascomycota have modified hyphae called **conidiophores** that produce **conidia** (spores), and these conidia are on the **outside** of a structure, unlike in zygomycota. Yeast reproduce by binary dission or budding
37
Describe the basic features of basidiomycota
The most familiar of fungi. Include mushrooms, toadstools, etc. Has a mycelial network underneath the surface. Does not use asexual reproduction at all.
38
Identify and classify this organism.
*Ceratium sp.*, a Dinoflagellate. A type of algae. Which is a type of protist. Eukaryotic.
39
Identify and classify this organism. What distinguishes it from others?
*Euglena sp.,* Euglenid. Which is a type of algae. Which is a type of protist. It is eukaryotic. It has a hard outer pellicle instead of a cell wall. Has a flagella.
40
Identify and classify this organism. What makes it unique?
Diatom. Has a unique **glass-like wall** made of **silica**. Main component in **diatomaceous earth**
41
Identify and classify this organism. What is the morphological category?
*Chlamydomoncas sp.*, Unicellular chlorophyte (type of chlorophyte), which is a type of protist. Eukaryotic. Morphological category: Unicellular chlorophyte
42
Identify and classify this organism. What is the morpholigical category?
*Chlorella sp.*, Unicellular chlorophyte (type of chlorophyte), which is a type of protist. Eukaryotic. Morphological category: Unicellular chlorophyte
43
Identify and classify this organism. What is the morphological category? What makes it unique?
*Gonium sp.*, Colonial chlorophyte. Type of chlorophyte, which is a type of algae (plant-like protist). Morphological category: Colonial chlorophyte It is unique because it has the ability to secrete buoyant **mucilage**
44
Identify and classify this organism. What is the morphological category?
*Scenedesmus sp.*, Colonial chlorophyte. Type of chlorophyte, which is a type of algae (plant-like protist). ## Footnote Morphological category: Colonial chlorophyte
45
Identify and classify this organism.
*Ulothrix sp.*, Filamentous chlorophyta (Division in 1 plane), type of chlorophyte, which is a type of algae, which is a type of protist. Eukaryotic.
46
Identify and classify this organism.
*Cladophora sp.*, Filamentous chlorophyta (Division in 2 planes), type of chlorophyte, which is a type of algae, which is a type of protist. Eukaryotic.
47
Identify and classify this organism.
*Fritschiella sp.*, Filamentous chlorophyta (Division in 3 planes), type of chlorophyte, which is a type of algae, which is a type of protist. Eukaryotic.
48
Identify and classify this organism. Describe it in detail.
*Trypanosoma sp.*, flagellated protozoan, type of protist. parasitic with large central mitochondrian (**kinetoplast**)
49
Identify and classify this organism. Describe its physical characteristics
*Amoeba sp.*, pseudopodia-using protozoan, type of protist. Uses extensions (**pseudopodia**) to move and to engulf food
50
Identify and classify this organism. Describe its physical characteristics. What type of reproduction does it use?
*Paramecium sp.*, ciliated protozoan, type of protist. Covered in hair-like cilia used for movement and feeding. Reproduces by **binary fission**
51
Identify and classify this organism
*Physarum polycephalum*, Plasmodial slime mold, fungal-like protist. Coenocytic.
52
Identify what process is occuring here. Classify the organsim respsonsible.
A water mold is decomposing a fish. Water molds are fungal-like protists.
53
Identify and classify this organism.
*Saprolegnia sp.*, Water mold. fungal-like protist
54
Identify and classify this organism. What is occuring here?
*Peronospora parasitica*, Downy mildew. Fungal-like protist. Sporangiophores are creating hyphae within the plant. haustoria are created, and they feed on the cells
55
Identify and classify this organism
*Rhizopus stolonifera*, Black bread mold. Zygomycota. Fungi.

Biology lab (based On Review) (9 decks)

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