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Biology lab (based On Review) > Practical Lab and Tutorial Lab 2 > Flashcards

Practical Lab and Tutorial Lab 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Terrestrial plants descend from ____________

A

Chlorophytes

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2
Q

What is the Alternation of Generations Concept?

A

Plants spend part of their life as multicellular haploid gametophytes and part as multicellular diploid sporophytes

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3
Q

What are the two types of Gametangia in plants? Describe.

A

Archegonia (egg producer) and antheridia (sperm producer)

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4
Q

In mosses, asexual reproduction occurs through _____________

A

Fragmentation

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5
Q

In mosses, the dominant generation is _______________

A

Gametophyte

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6
Q

What is the protonema in moss?

A

The filamentous pre-gametophyte stage

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7
Q

Describe the antheridium and archegonium of mosses

A

Antheridium has a cup-like shape at the end of a stalk

Archegonium has one long stalk

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8
Q

Describe the sporophyte of a moss

A

Sporophyte is attached to the gametophyte at the foot, consists of a long stalk (seta), and a sporangium at the top.

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9
Q

What is the operculum?

A

The cap on the sporangium of mosses, with the spores inside the capsule.

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10
Q

How do ferns reproduce asexually?

A

Branching/spreading of **rhizomes **

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11
Q

In ferns, the dominant generation is ___________

A

Sporophyte

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12
Q

Describe the prothallus. What does it contain? Which reproductive generation is it a part of?

A

The prothallus is a heart shaped structure in ferns containing the archegonium in the middle, andtheridium near the edge, and rhizoids at the bottom

It is part of the gametophyte generation

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13
Q

Describe the reproductive process that occurs from prothallus to frond

A

Once the sperm from the antheridium has entered the egg in the archegonium, young sporophytes develop from the prothallus with the embryo in the rhizoid region of the plant. A leaf sprouts up.

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14
Q

What are sori? Describe the structures contained there.

A

Sori are clusters of sporangia on fern leaves.

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15
Q

What is a fern sporangium composed of?

A

A stalk, annulus (thinner side that opens to release meiospores) and meiospores

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16
Q

List the asexual forms of flowering plant reproduction

A
  • Rhizomes
  • Tubers
  • Runners (stolons)
  • Plantlets
  • Bulbs
  • Corms
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17
Q

Describe asexual reproduction via rhizomes

Give an example of an organism that uses this

A

Underground stems called rhizomes produce adventitious roots that form an above ground shoot

Ex. Grasses

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18
Q

Describe asexual reproduction via tubers

Give an example of an organism that uses this

A

Modified rhizomes, called tubers, form from special stem branches that grown down into the ground and buds on these will grow into new plants

Ex. potato

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19
Q

Describe asexual reproduction via runners(stolons)

Give an example of an organism that uses this

A

Runners are horizontal stems. A node forms where a leaf normally would and adventitious roots form and go down into the soil

Ex. strawberries

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20
Q

What is this structure? What are the parts of the structure? Identify this organism it came from.

A

This is the sporangium of Polytrichum sp., which consists of a cap (operculum), spores, and a stem (seta)

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21
Q

Describe asexual reproduction via plantlets

Give an example of an organism that uses this

A

Miniature plants form on leaf margins, drop off and develop into new plants

Ex. Duckweed

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22
Q

Describe asexual reproduction via bulbs

Give an example of an organism that uses this

A

Consists of short stem surrounded by fleshy leaves. Shoot grows in spring using nutrients from leaves

Ex. Onion

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23
Q

Describe asexual reproduction via corms

Give an example of an organism that uses this

A

Similar to bulbs, but no storage leaves. Nutrients are in swollen stem.

Ex. Crocus

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24
Q

What are the male and female parts on a flowering plant? What are the protective/pretty parts?

A

Male - stamen

Female - carpel or pistil

Protective - Perianth

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25
Q

What are male and female sporangia in flowing plants otherwise referred to as?

A

Male = micro-sporangium

Female = mega-sporangium

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26
Q

Describe the outer structures of a typical flower (all but the carpel and it’s contents).

A

Sepals are on the outside (green and leaf-like), with brightly coloured or smelly petals inside that. Inside those two are the stamens. Each stamen has anther suspended on filament. Anther is made up of one or more microsporangia where pollen grains are made (the multicellular haploid structures that eventually form the male gametes).

27
Q

Describe the inner structures (carpel and everything inside) of a typical flower

A

The carpal is the most central structure, with a modified leaf that produces ovules, composed of stigma (which recieves pollen), style (slender stalk for pollen), and ovary (with ovules inside). Ovules contain megasporangium which produces female gametes.

28
Q

Describe the male anther

A

The anther contains many microsporocytes which undergo meiosis to form microspores, which further divide mitotically to become a dikaryotic pollen grain. These two nuclei are a generative nucleus and a **tube nucleus. **

29
Q

What happens to a pollen grain once it is released?

A

The grain reaches the stigma, germinates, and the tube nucleus makes a pollen tube that pentrates the stigma, grows through the style, and reaches the ovary. During this process, the generative nucleus has divided to make two sperm nuclei. This trikaryotic structure is the male gametophyte.

30
Q

Describe the female gametophyte in a flowering plant

A

This embryo sac develops in ovule inside ovary. Each ovule has a megasporangium which produces a megasporocyte that undergoes meiosis to obtain four haploid megaspores. 3/4 disintegreate and the fourth divides mitotically three times. This creates the mature female gametophyte.

31
Q

Describe the pollination and fertilization process

A

Pollen reaches stigma, one sperm nuclei fuses with the egg nucleus to create a zygote and the other fuses with the two polar nuclei within the embryo sac to create the endosperm nucleus. This process is called double fertilization. The triploid endosperm nucleus nourishes the developing zygote, and the new ovule + zygote is termed a seed

32
Q

Describe seed development

A

Integument of ovule turns into seed coat, endosperm develops, embryo develops (as it does it absorbs endosperm, nutrients stored in cotyledons). The rest happens in five stages:

Pro-embryo stage: zygote divides (basal cell present, suspensor pushes two-celled pro-embryo up)

Globular stage: radially symmetrical

Heart-shaped stage: Two cotyledons form heart shape

Torpedo stage: Cotyledons elongate

Mature embryo: Mature embryo has bent cotyledons attached

33
Q

Describe the parts of a seed

A

Integuments are seed coat, basal portion of embryo is radicle, middle portion is hypocotyl, part attached to cotyledons is epicotyl.

34
Q

What do we mean by division of labour within plants?

A

Each plant organ serves a specific purpose/has a certain job

35
Q

List each plant organ and the primary purpose of each

A

Leaves - Photosynthesis

Stems - Assist leaves by moving them up high

Roots - Absorb water/nutrients

Cones/flowers - reproduction

36
Q

Plant cells form in rapidly dividing zones called _________, and two ___________ exist on any plant, one at the tip of _____________ and one at the tip of ___________

A

Meristems, apical meristems, the above ground shoot, underground root

37
Q

Describe epidermal tissue

A

Principle surface tissue in young plants - epidermis

Epidermal cells secrete cuticle (waxy, water-risistant layer)

38
Q

Describe the xylem

A

Xylem is used for support and transport of water/dissolved substances up the plant. Ferns only have tracheid cells, whereas flowering plants have tracheids, vessel elements, parenchyma (the only living cell in the xylem) and **sclerenchyma. **

39
Q

Describe the phloem

A

Main function is to conduct water and carbs up AND down the plant.

Conducting elements are called sieve elements (arranged in formation - sieve tube), elongated cells with special porous areas called sieve plates. Closely associated parenchyma-like cells are called companion cells.

40
Q

Name and describe the fundamental tissues

A

Parenchyma - Most common, large cell walls, contain leucoplasts (starch storage)

Sclerenchyma - Small, tough walls, often have lignin inside, structural support, found where plant is no longer growing

Collenchyma - specialized for strcutural support, flexible/thikcness between parenchyma and sclerenchyma, supports still growing parts of plant

41
Q

Describe the phylum bryophyta

A

Plants have rhizoids, stems, and leaves. An outer epidermis, storage cortex of parenchyma cells, and a central cylinder.

42
Q

Describe phylum pfterophyta (ferns)

A

Have vascular tissue and true roots. Stems grow horizontally underground and are called rhizomes, roots coming off those are adventitious roots.

The frond is the leaf, the stipe is the stalk-like part.

A fiddlehead is just a young frond.

Ferns have epidermal cells that form a cuticle. Chloroplasts are present and there are stomata regulated by guard cells.

43
Q

What are the basic aspects of flowering plants? Describe each

A
  • Nodes - leaves/buds branch from here
  • Internodes - parts of stem in between nodes
  • Terminal buds - tipds of stem/branches, enclose growing region
  • Axiallary/lateral buds - in axis of leaves, may give rise to lateral branched
  • Blade and petiole - specific parts of the leaf
  • Primary/secondary roots - primary is first root produced, everything else is secondary
  • Root tips - last few mm of root, new root mader here and water/minerals enter here
44
Q

Describe (in detail) the root

A

The root has three main functions: absorption, anchorage, and food storage.

Older regions have a cortex filled with parenchyma. All root tissues come from root apical meristem, rapidly dividing region at tip of root. Has root cap for protection when moving through soil.

45
Q

What are the inner parts of a root?

A

The epidermis surrounds the root, followed by a thick cortex filled with parenchyma (leucoplasts present). The inner layer of the cortex is the endodermis. The stele is the central part of the root, with the pericycle on the outer layer, filles with xylem and phloem.

46
Q

Describe (in detail) the stem

A

The stem provides mechanical support and a path of cunduction between leaves/flowers/fruits and roots, and may also aid in water storage. Stems sometimes have photosynthetic tissue and stomata. There is an epidermis (and a cuticle), a cortex (with parenchyma and collenchyma), pith, vascular bundle, and sclerenchyma for support.

47
Q

Describe (in detail) the leaf

A

The primary function of the leaf is photosynthesis. The outermost layer is the epidermis, the interior is the mesophyll (palisade mesophyll in the upper region and spongy mesophyll in the lower), and of course vascular tissue throughout the spongy mesophyll.

48
Q

What are some tricks xeric plants have come up with to stay alive?

A
  • Succulence - Store water in fleshy leaves/stems/roots, undertake CAM photosynthesis
  • Drough tolerance and/or evasion - Microphylly (trait that causes smaller leaves), broader leaf surfaces, produce leaves only during cool or rainy seasons, have leaf orientation or colour that reduced the effect of the sun (vertical stems, lighter coloured vegitation = higher reflectance of the sun’s rays
49
Q

Describe hydrophytic plants

A

Little or no mechanical strengthening (water holds the plant up), no external protective tissues (water is right there to absorb nutrients from), root function is mostly anchorage and no so much absorption, specialized leaf shapes and air filled cavities to provide an internal atmosphere.

Ex. lily, duckweed

50
Q

What is this a picture of?

A

Moss protonema

51
Q

Identify this structure. Where are the reproductive structures within it? What are they called?

A

This is a prothallus - mature gametophyte in ferns.

The archegonia are near the middle and the antheridia are near the ends.

52
Q

Identify this structure and the structures within

A

This is a cross section of a sorus (on a fern).

The large bulbs are sporangium, the lined parts around them are annulus, and within the sporangium are spores

53
Q

Identify this organism. What stage is it in?

A

Capsella embryo in torpedo stage

54
Q

Identify this organism. What stage is it in?

A

Capsella - mature embryo

55
Q

What type of tissue is this? What type of cell?

A

Fundamental tissue. Collenchyma

56
Q

What type of tissue is this? What type of cell?

A

Fundamental tissue. Parenchyma

57
Q

What type of tissue is this? What type of cell?

A

Fundamental tissue. Sclerenchyma

58
Q

What is this? Are you able to recognize the different cells and structures within it?

A

It is a cross section of a moss stem. The middle circle is the central cylinder, the cells on the shell are the epidermis, and everything in between is the cortex. The tails are leaves.

59
Q

What is this structure? Do you recognize parts of it?

A

This is a cross section of a fern frond.

The dark outer layer is the epidermis and the cuticle, the circles are vascular bundles, the large white bundles are stoma, and everything else is mesophyll

60
Q

What are the different types of roots? Describe them

A

Tap roots - Prominant primary root directly downaward with smaller lateral roots

Fibrous roots - Many long slender roots with secondary and tertiary roots

Adventitious - Aride from organ in plant, NOT primary root

61
Q

Identify this organism and important structures within it

A

This is the stem of medicago sp.

The bundles along the edges are xylem and phloem, the middle area is the pith, the outer blue line is the epidermis and the purple line close to it is parenchyma cells. The area between the vascular bundles and the epidermis is filled with parenchyma

62
Q

Identify this organism. Note the Epidermic, cortex, endodermis, and stele.

A

Ranunculus sp.

63
Q

Identify this organism, this structure and the little structures inside.

A

Lilium sp. leaf

The white outer layer is the epidermis (and cuticle), the long green top layer is the palisade mesophyll, the circular portion in the middle is a vascular bundle, the small purple opening at the bottom of the leaf is a stomata and it’s guard cells, and the random green bits in between are spongy mesophyll

Biology lab (based On Review) (9 decks)

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