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NA > Tutorial 10 > Flashcards

Tutorial 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Factors contributing to neurological variances

A
  • urbanicity impact
  • handedness
  • gender & transgender
  • sexual dimorphism & menstrual cycle
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2
Q

Rural

A

< 10.000 inhabitants

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3
Q

Urban

A

> 100.000 inhabitants

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4
Q

Adolescents exclusively raised in rural areas show … compared to those raised exclusively in cities

A

Greater grey matter volume (GMV) in the left hippocampal formation

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5
Q

Spatial processing rural vs urbain-raised

A

Rural raised adolescents outperform urban raised peers on tasks that involve spatial processing (e.g. block design task in wechsler IQ scale)

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6
Q

What mediates the relationship between upbringing (rural vs. urban) and block design performance? And what does it suggest?

A

Hippocampal formation

Suggesting a link between environment, brain structure and spatial processing skills

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7
Q

% of right-handed people

A

90 %

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8
Q

% of left-handed people

A

10 %

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9
Q

% of ambidextrous people

A

1 %

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10
Q

Left-Handedness women vs men

A

Left-handedness is slightly more common in men than women

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11
Q

Left-handedness is more commonly found in …

A

Individuals with neurodevelopmental and psychiatric conditions, including intellectual disabilities, autism, and schizophrenia

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12
Q

Where is hand motor control primarily regulated?

A

By the contralateral hemisphere

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13
Q

Right-handedness corresponds to …

A

Left-hemisphere dominance for motor control, and vice versa

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14
Q

Where does the idea of left hemisphere dominance in language date back to? And how has it been confirmed?

A

Dates back to the research of broca and wernicke
Has been confirmed by Wada, fMRI, PET EcoG, dichotic listening

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15
Q

What is the link between handedness and language lateralization?

A

There is likely no direct link

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16
Q

% of left-handers with left-hemisphere dominance for language (also what about right-handers)?

A

50 %
Similar to right-handers

17
Q

What percentage of left-handers have a left-hemisphere dominance?

A

Nearly 70 %

18
Q

30 % of left-handers are roughly split in dominance between

A

Bilateral and right-hemisphere language dominance

19
Q

Laterality index in left-handed participants vs right-handed?

A

Left-handed participants have significantly lower LIs than the right-handers for all four asymmetries tested

20
Q

What is Sexual dimorphism?

A

Clear and consistent physical differences between females and males of the same species

21
Q

In females, hormone levels fluctuate dynamically during menstrual cycle, influencing …

A

Brain plasticity especially for hippocampus region in human

22
Q

Which hormone is highest at Ovulation?

A

Estradiol

23
Q

Which hormone is highest at Mid-Luteal?

A

Progesterone

24
Q

When does estradiol peak?

A

Ovulation

25
Q

When does Progesterone peak?

A

Mid-luteal

26
Q

What are the implications of hormonal influence on neuroplasticity?

A
  • hormone fluctuations and brain structural plasticity
  • future research considering female cycle phases
  • roles of ovarian hormones in brain aging and diseases
27
Q

Practical implications of hormone fluctuations and brain structural plasticity

A

Design better treatments for cognitive and emotional challenges that arise during different phases of a women‘s life

28
Q

What should future research consider (women)?

A

Consider the specific phases of the menstrual cycle in research, as well as other hormonal states like contraceptive use, pregnancy, and menopause

29
Q

What are the roles of ovarian hormones in brain aging and diseases?

A

Prevention, treatment and support such as hormone replacement therapy (HRT)

30
Q

Relationship between Sexual brain differences and sexual differentiation of the genitals

A

Sexual brain differentiation is temporally differentiated from sexual differentiation of the genitals

31
Q

When are the genitals differentiated?

A

First trimester

32
Q

When is the brain differentiated sexually?

A

Second trimester

33
Q

Brain structures in transgender individuals …

A

Often align more closely with their gender identity than their assigned sex at birth

34
Q

What does transgender research challenge?

A

Traditional notions that „male“ and „female“ brains are distinct based on sex assigned at birth

35
Q

Findings suggest that gender identity has a … component …

A

Neurobiological component that exists independently of the sex assigned at birth, but rather reflects identity and experience

36
Q

Research should/does move beyond sex-based categorizations toward …

A

Gender-sensitive research

NA (11 decks)

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