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NA > Tutorial 08 > Flashcards

Tutorial 08 Flashcards

1
Q

REM sleep

A
  • wake-like and “activated” (high frequency, low amplitude or “desynchronized”) activity in the EEG
  • singlets and clusters of rapid eye movements (REMs) in the EOG channel
  • very low levels of muscle tone (atonia) in the EMG channel
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2
Q

Non REM Sleep

A

all sleep apart from REM and is, by convention, divided into four stages corresponding to increasing depth of sleep

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3
Q

How are hallucinatory perceptions in dreams (senses)?

A

Dreams contain formed hallucinatory perceptions, especially visual and motoric,
but occasionally in any and all sensory modalities

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4
Q

How are dreams?

A
  • Dream imagery can change rapidly, and is often bizarre in nature
  • Dreams are delusional; unless we cultivate lucidity
  • Self-reflection in dreams is generally found to be absent
  • Dreams lack orientational stability; persons, times, and places are fused, plastic,
    incongruous and discontinuous
  • Dreams create story lines to explain and integrate all the dream elements in a single
    confabulatory narrative
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5
Q

What is a convincing proof for the AIM model?

A

Quantitative differences in amount of NREM and REM sleep mentation (mental activity) as convincing proof of the validity of an important role for the AIM model

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6
Q

Memory sources in dreaming

A
  • memory systems active during REM sleep have extremely poor access to recent waking memories
  • deficiency of memory in dreaming may go a long way toward explaining such distinctive and robust dream phenomena as orientational instability, loss of self- reflective awareness, and failure of directed thought and attention
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7
Q

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in REM sleep

A
  • significant deactivation, in REM, of a vast area of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
  • decrease in cerebral blood flow to frontal areas during REM
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8
Q

Aminergic and cholinergic dominance in REM sleep

A

shift/interaction from aminergic dominance in waking to cholinergic dominance in REM sleep

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9
Q

Aminergic neurons

A

describe receptors that respond to “amines” or neurons that release noradrenaline, dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin

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10
Q

Cholinergic neurons

A

describe receptors that respond to acetylcholine

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11
Q

Which brain areas are influenced by this shift/interaction from aminergic dominance in waking to
cholinergic dominance in REM sleep?

A

Hypothalamus, amygdala and basal forebrain are influenced by this interactions in ways that
significantly amplify REM sleep generation or suppression

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12
Q

Who is the AIM Model from and what does it describe?

A

Hobson et al., 2000

three-dimensional model of brain-mind states:
3 (independent) processes which distinguish each state from one another

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13
Q

What does the „A“ of the AIM-Model stand for?

A

= level of activation
How much information is being processed by the brain?

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14
Q

What does the „I“ of the AIM-Model stand for?

A

= Input source/origin
What information is being processed?

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15
Q

What does the „M“ of the AIM-Model stand for?

A

= (neuro)modulation
How is the information being processed?

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16
Q

When is Activation (A) most prevalent?

A

overall level of neural activity in the brain
- generally, activation in waking and REM > NREM, alert waking > quiet resting

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17
Q

A: are PFC, amygdala, brain stem (pontine tegmentum) and patietal operculum active or inactive?

A

PFC deactivated: volition, insight, judgement and working memory decrease
amygdala and paralimbic cortex active: emotion and remote memory
Brain stem (pontine tegmentum) active: activates cholinergic system, maintains cortical arousal, promotes visual imagery
Parietal Operculum active: visuospatial imagery

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18
Q

Input source (I) – waking state

A

primary input from external sensory stimuli

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19
Q

Input source – REM or daydreaming

A
  • primary input from internal data sources
    (pseudo-sensory data produced by the brain stem)
  • generation of fictive visual and motor data
  • sensory input blocked (real-world data unavailable)
  • motor output blocked (real-world action impossible)
20
Q

Input source – NREM

A

both external and internal input suppressed

21
Q

Neuromodulation (M) – which influences are arising from where in the brain?

A

balance of neuromodulators in the brain, primarily cholinergic and aminergic influences arising from brain stem nuclei

22
Q

Neuromodulation (M) – Waking

A

dominance of aminergic activity

23
Q

Neuromodulation (M) – REM

A

dominance of cholinergic activity

24
Q

Neuromodulation (M) – NREM

A

low aminergic activity with even lower cholinergic levels

25
Q

The AIM state space – waking

A

high A, external I, high aminergic M

26
Q

The AIM state space – NREM

A

low A, minimal external and internal I, low aminergic and cholinergic M

27
Q

The AIM state space – REM

A

high A, internal I, high cholinergic M

28
Q

What is the relationship between sleep and learning?

A

More conventional view is that sleep processes participate in the consolidation of memory traces.

29
Q

Consolidation

A

process during which memory traces can be reactivated, analyzed, and gradually incorporated into Long-Term Memory

30
Q

Procedural knowledge

A

Procedural knowledge comprises memories on skills or problem-solving (“know how”)
→“nondeclarative memories”

31
Q

Declarative memory

A

Declarative material refers to accessible and conscious memories (“knowing that”)

32
Q

Dual-process hypothesis

A

dual-process hypothesis: the effect of sleep on memory processing would be task-dependent, with the procedural branch being derived from REM and the declarative one linked to NREM

33
Q

Into which two branches is human memory divided into?

A

Human Memory is divided into two branches: declarative and procedural memory

34
Q

Schema

A

Schema: mental framework for the organisation and understanding of information, that enables the extraction of rules or general concepts on the meta-level

35
Q

Schema Formation

A

Schema Formation arises from the extraction of rules. These rules can then be generalised to novel situations

36
Q

Schema Integration

A

Schema Integration pertains to the integration of recent and remote memories, relational memory and the emergence of false memories

37
Q

Schema Disintegration

A

Schema Disintegration describes the process of disbanding existing schemas
to allow ‘outside the box thinking’ and creativity

38
Q

During which sleep stage is schema formation happening?

A

Mainly during slow wave sleep

39
Q

During which sleep stage is Schema Integration happening?

A

Mainly during slow wave sleep

40
Q

During which sleep state is Schema disintegration happening?

A

Mainly during REM sleep

41
Q

Define REM sleep scenario with EEG EOG and EMG activity

A

High frequency activity in EEG, clusters of rapid eye movements in EOG and low levels of muscle tone in EMG define REM sleep dreams scenario

42
Q

On which parameters are REM, NREM and wakefulness in the AIM Model distinguished?

A

A (level of activation), I (input source) and M (neuromodulation)

43
Q

REM sleep is charcterized by …

A

High levels of activation, input from internal data sources and high cholinergic modulation

44
Q

How are memories reorganized during sleep?

A

During sleep memories are reorganized following a formation-integration-destruction schema

45
Q

What is the main process involved in learning during sleep?

A

Consolidation of memories

NA (11 decks)

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