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NA > Tutorial 01 – Part 1 > Flashcards

Tutorial 01 – Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three parts of the brain stem from top to bottom?

A

Mesencephalon/midbrain
Pons („bridge“)
Medulla (oblongata)

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2
Q

What parts are at/head from the mesencephalon?

A
  • cerebral peduncles on ventral side with substantia nigra
  • quadrigeminal plate with superior and inferior colliculi on dorsal side
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3
Q

What is at the base of the pons and what is the pons connected to?

A
  • connected to cerebellum by thick fiber tracts
  • at base of pons (ventral aspect), there is the unpaired basilar artery (blood supply to vital brain stem structures)
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4
Q

What does the medulla look like?

A

Like a thicker continuation of the spinal cord

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5
Q

What does the medulla contain?

A

Vital centers for circulation and respiration

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6
Q

What decussation is at the medulla?

A

Decussation of the pyramidal tract

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7
Q

How many cranial nerves are there?

A

12 on each side -> 24 in total

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8
Q

Cranial nerve 2

A

Optic nerve

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9
Q

Cranial nerve 3

A

Oculomotor nerve

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10
Q

Cranial nerve 4

A

Trochlear nerve

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11
Q

Cranial nerve 1

A

Olfactory nerve

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12
Q

Cranial nerve 5

A

Trigeminal nerve

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13
Q

Cranial nerve 6

A

Abducens nerve

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14
Q

Cranial nerve 7

A

Facial nerve

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15
Q

Cranial nerve 8

A

Vestibulocochlear nerve

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16
Q

Cranial nerve 9

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

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17
Q

Cranial nerve 10

A

Vagus nerve

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18
Q

Cranial nerve 11

A

Spinal accessory nerve

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19
Q

Cranial nerve 12

A

Hypoglossal nerve

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20
Q

What can small brain stem lesions entail?

A

Selective dysfunction of specific nerves while sparing others, allowing for clinical localization

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21
Q

Where do cranial nerves get input from?

A

Input from the head‘s sensory systems and motor control of facial and laryngeal muscles

22
Q

Where does cranial nerve 1 end in?

A

Basal forebrain (above brainstem)

23
Q

Where does cranial nerve 2 send collaterals to?

A

Cranial nerve 2 (optic nerve) only sends collaterals to brain stem (superior colliculi)

24
Q

Where does cranial nerve 11 ascend from?

A

Spinal cord (fake cranial nerve)

25
Q

What can emotional processing signal presence of?

A

Emotional processing can signal presence of (or prospect for) reward or punishment and initiate motor programs to pursue or avoid

26
Q

What does dopamine code for?

A

Reward prediction

27
Q

Which circuitry do most drugs of abuse act on?

A

Elements of limbic circuitry

28
Q

What can neurotransmitter release trough drugs cause and which neurotransmitters are at play?

A

Neurotransmitter release (dopamine from VTA, but also noradrenalin, serotonin, and others) through drugs causes unphysiologically elevated levels with psychological alterations

29
Q

What happens to the receptors when overstimulated?

A

Internalization of receptors

30
Q

What response does drug abuse dampen?

A

Response of the emotional reinforcement circuitry to natural (less potent) awards

31
Q

Two distinct dopaminergic systems in midbrain

A

Substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc)
Ventral tegmental area (VTA)

32
Q

Classifying dopaminergic cells according to gene and protein expression shows…

A

A variety of subtypes, some of which not strictly adhere to a SNc-VTA separation, show mixed properties, or extended to surrounded nuclei

33
Q

Typical SNc-type neurons

A

SOX6, ALDH1A1, PITX3, DCC, GIRK2

34
Q

Typical VTA-type neurons

A

CALB1, ALDH1A1, CALB1, PITX3, DCC, GIRK2

35
Q

Which pathways is VTA origin of?

A

Mesolimbic pathway (to basal ganglia and amygdala)
Mesocortical pathway (to prefrontal cortex)

36
Q

What is the main target site for VTA

A

Ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens and ventral parts of putamen)

37
Q

Which area are aversion-encoding VTA neurons targeting?

A

Nucleus accumbens shell region

38
Q

Which region are VTA neurons activated by motivation and reward are densely innervating?

A

Nucleus accumbens core region

39
Q

VTA neurons are implicated in

A

Incentive-based behavior, motivation, cognition

40
Q

What neurotransmitters do VTA neurons co-transmit dopamine with?

A

Glutamate or GABA

41
Q

What is the origin of the nigrostriatal pathway?

A

Ventral SCn

42
Q

What do ventral SNc neurons traget (which part)?

A

Dorsocaudal part of striatum (caudate nucleus and dorsal putamen)

43
Q

What lead to deficit in acquiring new motor skills while having no effect on consolidated skills in rodents?

A

Selective ablation of a ALDH1A1 subtype

44
Q

What is phasic ventral SNc neuronal firing associated with?

A

Start-stop signals and acceleration in movement

45
Q

What are dosal and lateral neurons of the Snc similiar to?

A

More similar to VTA neurons

46
Q

What are dorsal and lateral neurons of the SNc implicated in?

A

Salience and novelty and novelty detection, reward prediction, and contribute to the mesolimbic pathway

47
Q

Which cells are selectively lost in parkinson disease and what do they contain less of?

A

Ventral SNc cells – contain less neuromelanin pigment than dorsal cells and are selectively lost in PD

48
Q

What do neuromelanin sequest from and what does that lead to?

A

Neuromelanin sequester toxic dopamine metabolites (quinones) and bind iron – leading to less intracellular aggregation of α-synuclein (Lewi bodies) and mitochondrial dysfunction, believed to be the cause of premature cell death

49
Q

What may intensify vulnerability to Parkinson disease?

A

Gene variants

50
Q

What do ventral SNc cells look like (what attributes do they have)?

A

They are much larger than VTA cells and have extremely branched axonal endings and show high intensity burst firing

51
Q

What baseline activity do ventral SNc cells have and what does that lead to?

A

High baseline activity and little capacity to increase mitochondrial respiratory activity in case of stress

52
Q

What makes ventral SNc cells more vulnerable than other dopaminergic cells?

A

Multiple hits

NA (11 decks)

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