Turf Flashcards
Most important factors in maintaining good turf
grass type, mowing, watering, fertilizing, and thatch control
CO average elevation
6,800 feet
% of nations land above 10,000 feet that is in CO
3/4
cool season grasses
bluegrass, tall fescue, and rygrass
warm season grasses
bermudagrass, zoysia, and buffalograss
Diagnosing turfgrass problems
determine the kind of grass or grasses, find out why the problem occurred, determine solution, check the label for turf grass species and problem, and recommend good cultural practices
IPM Process
set economic thresholds, monitor and identify pests, prevention, and control
Pest Management Methods - Soil
Fertile soils with a pH of between 6 and 7 are desirable. Good drainage, adequate water, and oxygen. Modification by supplying amendments in small increments.
Turfgrass Selection
Cultivars (varieties). Plant mixes and/or blends.
Cultural Practices
Mowing, watering, fertilizing, and cultivating.
Biological Control
us of bacteria, fungi, nematodes, and parasitic or predaceous insects to control pest organisms.
Prevention and Sanitation
Plant grass/seed that is free from pests. Collect grass clippings to prevent further spread of weeds and disease.
Pesticide Selection
Application method and timing, toxicity, effectiveness, host specific, cost, persistence.
DF
Dry Flowables - form a suspension when mixed with water and require less agitation than wettable powders.
WDG
Water dispersible granules - form a suspension when mixed with water and require less agitation than wettable powders.
D
dusts
EC or E
emulsifiable concentrates - common liquid formulations of pesticides that have active ingredients that are insoluble in water. Include an emulsifier that allows them to mix with water. Milky
F
Flowables - only produced in solid or semi solid form. often ground in powder and suspended in liquid.
G
Granulars - no mixing
microencapsulated
mixed into a liquid.
SP, S, or L
soluble powders - dry. go into true solution when mixed with water. My be formulated as liquids.
WP or W
wettable powders - formulated on a dry particle and contain ingredients that allow the particles to mix with water. mixture becomes a suspension
Adjuvants
can reduce number of fine droplets and decrease drift, increase the effectiveness, or make application easier.
Sufactants
used to improve spread of spray mixture on foliage. good for plants with waxy or hairy leaves.
stickers
guard against rain or irrigation. improve weather ability.
synergists
block the ability of the insect from breaking down the insecticide.
penetrants
increase uptake of herbicides into a plant
buffers
decrease break down of the pesticides that occurs from exposure to alkaline water conditions.
Suitable tank materials
polyethylene, fiberglass, and stainless steel
tips most resistant to abrasion
tungsten carbide, ceramic
tips that do not resist abrasion
brass, nylon
aluminium
wears out quickly
controlled droplet sprayers
rotary spray nozzles - sprays in a hollow pattern. droplets fall nearly vertically onto the target.
low pressure sprayers
15-80 psi
Calibration of Equipment
- correct nozzel 2. clean and inspect 3. check gauges 4. check spray volume
Phytotoxicity
plant damage resulting from a pesticide application to a desirable plant
Transportation
movement of a pesticide away from its intended site of action.
Transformation
pesticide’s chemical structure is altered - usually desirable because they become less toxic.
Leaching
downward movement of pesticides and nutrients through the soil.
Soil Organic Matter
influences how much water the soil can hold before it begins to move downward.
Runoff
when precipitation rate exceeds the rate of water infiltration in to the soil.
Volatilization
when pesticide changes from a solid or liquid to a gas. occurs at vapor pressure for the specific pesticide. Increases with increase in temperature.
Amines
generally non volatile herbicides.
Esters
more likely to be volatile herbicides.
Particle Drift
movement of small spray particles away from the target area.
Absorption
movement of particles into a plant
photodecomposition
sunlight-induced transformation can be an important fate for some pesticides. alter the chemical properties of a pesticide, making it less toxic - and sometimes less effective.
microbial decomposition
most common means of pesticide degradation. action of microorganisms found in soil and thatch.
chemical degradation
the hydrolysis of pesticides (how pesticide react with water).
Persistance
measure of how long a pesticide remains in an active form at the site of application or int he environment.