Outdoor Vertebrate

Question 1

scat

Answer 1

an animals fecal matter

Question 2

Steps to control vertebrates

Answer 2

1. identify 2. pest’s life cycle and habits 3. assess population and distribution 4. determine your goals 5. find possible control methods 6. evaluate benefits and risks of each method 7. Choose a strategy that is effective, but has minimal harm to people and environment.

Question 3

biological control

Answer 3

use of natural enemies

Question 4

cultural control

Answer 4

changing human habits (sanitation) to create an uninviting or unfavorable environment.

Question 5

mechanical control

Answer 5

Amendment 14 bans leg hold or kill traps in CO. Barriers may provide long term solutions.

Question 6

frightening

Answer 6

visual and/or auditory stimuli to produce fear and thus discourage animals from remaining in the area.

Question 7

funnel traps

Answer 7

sparrows can escape from funnel traps, though they are effective for evicting bats out of attics

Question 8

foothold traps

Answer 8

not legal in CO without a permit

Question 9

avicide

Answer 9

kills birds

Question 10

oral repellents

Answer 10

taste bad

Question 11

tactile repellents

Answer 11

feel bad

Question 12

olfactory repellents

Answer 12

smells bad

Question 13

USFWS

Answer 13

US Fish and Wildlife Service - manage migratory birds and threatened or endangered species.

Question 14

migratory bird treaty act

Answer 14

protects all birds except feral pigeons, house sparrows, and starlings.

Question 15

Fumigants

Answer 15

most effective when used in moist soils in early spring

Question 16

gas cartridges

Answer 16

give off carbon monoxide and smoke when ignited. not bombs and will not explode if properly handled.

Question 17

moisture-activated fumigants

Answer 17

tablets inserted into animal burrows - activated by atmospheric or soil moisture. give off phosphine gas.

Question 18

Tracking powders

Answer 18

usually same active ingredients as food baits (blocks, grains, etc.). More hazardous.

Question 19

emetic agent

Answer 19

cause non rodent animals to vomit. Since rodents, don’t vomit, this may protect non-target animals and cause them to vomit.

Question 20

area repellents

Answer 20

applied next to trees and usually repel by smell alone. used during the growing season. includes ammonia soaps of higher fatty acids, human hair, soap, and blood meal.

Question 21

contact repellents

Answer 21

applied directly to the plant or the area and repel by creating an unpleasant taste. includes putrescent egg solids, capsaicin (extract of hot peppers) and thiram.

Question 22

acute rodenticides

Answer 22

lethal after single dose. partial dose, one that does not kill the animal, may produce bait shyness.

Question 23

chronic rodenticides

Answer 23

contain anti-coagulants

Question 24

sub-acute rodenticides

Answer 24

can act as single-dose if enough is consumed at once, or multiple dose if consumed over several days.

Question 25

bromethalin

Answer 25

potent nerve poison - kills within 2-4 days..

Question 26

Calciferol (Vitamin D3)

Answer 26

sub-acute. once lethal dose has been consumed, feeding stops and calcium is released into the blood stream.

Question 27

Strychnine

Answer 27

death within a few hours. labeled as RUP

Question 28

Zinc phosphide

Answer 28

smells like garlic. black powder. reacts with stomach acids and causes poisonous phosphine gas to be released.

Question 29

first generation rodenticides

Answer 29

warfarin. introduced 1949. rodents must feed several times over 4-10 days.

Question 30

second generation rodenticides

Answer 30

vitamin K1 antidote. introduced early 1970’s

Question 31

avicides

Answer 31

control bird pests. include repellents, toxicants, and fighting agents.

Question 32

Avitrol

Answer 32

both repellent and toxic bait. produces stress reactions in some birds

Question 33

starlicide

Answer 33

is applied to baits

Question 34

baiting for birds

Answer 34

most birds are neophobic to foods - afraid of new kinds.

Question 35

Endangered species

Answer 35

those that are concerned with rodent control methods: black-footed ferret, burrowing owl, and preble’s meadow jumping mouse.

Question 36

Hazard

Answer 36

toxicity + exposure

Question 37

pesticide spills

Answer 37

control, contain, and clean

Question 38

prairie dogs

Answer 38

most social member of squirrel family. can carry plague. not protected.

Question 39

gunnison prairie dog

Answer 39

smallest of CO prairie dogs.

Question 40

black-tailed prairie dog

Answer 40

black-tipped tail. along front range. active during the day. do not hibernate.

Question 41

white-tailed prairie dog

Answer 41

short, white or gray tip on the tail.

Question 42

plains pocket gopher

Answer 42

not abundant in compact soils

Question 43

northern pocket gopher

Answer 43

deep sandy soils or shallow gravel. most common in mountain rangelands and forests. dark colored.

Question 44

botta’s pocket gopher

Answer 44

well developed soils in warm valleys in Southern CO.

Question 45

yellow-faced pocket gopher

Answer 45

found where plains pocket gopher is found. confined to drier sites.

Question 46

pocket gophers

Answer 46

feed on roots and vegetation. prefer alfalfa. 1-3 litters per year with 5-6 per litter. not protected