Ornamental Flashcards
IPM includes
cultural, physical, mechanical, chemical, biological controls to manage pests
silk shelters
shelter made 100% from silk. usually do not enclose foliage. caterpillars feed from outside the shelter and use it for protection.
web-enclosed foliage
silk webs enclosing foliage in which caterpillars feed inside
scale and aphid covering
a protective waxy covering excreted by certain aphids, scales, and mealybugs
insect or mite remains
includes egg shells, shed nymphal, larval, and pupal skins, cocoons, frass, and trails of silk
frass
debris or excrement produced by insects
honeydew
sticky liquid sugar excreted by scales and aphids. a black sooty mold may grow on the honeydew
sawdust, wood chips, and pitch balls
found on or below the host plant. mostly from the feeding of bark beetles, wood borers, and shoot borers
galls
distorted tissue growth found most commonly on leaves. cause by aphids, psyllids, fly midges, and tiny wasps
biotic
living
abiotic
non living
biotic diseases
fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes, and other living pathogens
one sided symptom distribution
root damage from digging or disease, wind desiccation, herbicide drift, vascular wilt
top to bottom symptom distribution
mechanical damage to trunk
bottom to top symptom distribution
transplant shock
inside to outside symptom distribution
normal needle drop, oxygen starvation to roots, desiccation, transplant shock
outside to inside symptom distribution
blight, root damage, transplant shock, herbicide damage
cultural controls for ornamental plants include
hardiness, plant resistance, planting, watering, fertilization, pruning
mechanical controls include
barriers, mulching, hosing/syringing, traps
biological controls include
using predatory or parasitic pests to control a different pest population
involved in most serious human pesticide poisonings
organophosphates (act as nerve poisons)
organophosphates & carbamates
inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, interrupting the transmission of nerve impulses
pyrethroids
act as an axonic poison by interfering with the sodium channels of both the peripheral and central nervous system, stimulating repetitive nervous discharges, leading to paralysis
chloronicotinyls
binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, disrupting nerve transmission
chlorinated hydrocarbons
disrupt function of nervous system
inorganic fungicides
oldest pesticides used. usually contain copper or sulfur. almost entirely discontinued due to threat of mammalian health
organic fungicides
contain carbon molecules.
terms to describe organic fungicides
preventive, contact, and broad spectrum (do not help with infections that are already existing)
systemic fungicides
absorbed by the plant and are able to eradicate existing infections
antibiotics
complex, natural organic chemicals produced by one microorganism and toxic to another microorganism. in general, they are produced by fungi and are active against bacteria.
nematicides
applied as soil fumigants or injected. pose more hazard to humans than fungicides
pesticide formulation
finished, read-to-mix or ready-to-use products
solids
baits, dry flowables, dusts, gels, granulars, soluble powders, and wettable powders
liquids
emulsifiable concentrates, concentrated emulsions, flowables, microencapsulated pesticides, true liquid/solutions
gases
fumigants are volatile liquids or solids packaged for release as a gas.
baits
formulated by mixing a food or other substance with a pesticide attractant
dry flowables/water dispersible granules
formulated into small pellets or granules. form a suspension when mixed with water and require less agitation than wettable powders
dusts
designed to be applied dry. no dilution is needed
gels
semi-liquid emulsifiable concentrates that are used with water soluble packaging.
granulars
mixed onto fairly large particle of clay, ground corn cob, or walnut hulls, or manufactured granules. no mixing needed
soluble powders
will go into true solution when mixed with water
wettable powders
are formulated on a dry particle and contain ingredients that allow the particles to mix with water. the resulting solution is referred to as a suspension
emulsifiable concentrates
active ingredients that are insoluble in water. include an emulsifier which allows the pesticide to mix with water, forming a “milk” suspension
concentrated emulsions
AKA “emulsions in water.” consist of a thick, water-based emulsion and an active ingredient paste. minimize the level of solvent needed to dissolve the pesticide and emulsify the solution in water. concentrated emulsion is diluted in water for application
flowables
can only be produced in solid or semisolid form. often ground into a fine powder and suspended into liquid.
microencapsulated
impregnated into tiny, slow release plastic beads and mixed into liquid
true liquid/solutions
when mixed with water, true solution remains clear
adjuvants
can either reduce the number of spray droplets, increase the effectiveness of the active ingredient, or make application easier.
stickers
improve the weatherability of a spray deposit, especially from washing by rainfall or irrigation
surfactants
surface active ingredients. makes product more likely to remain on leaves without bouncing off.
synergists
greatly increase the activity of pesticides by blocking the ability of the pest to break down the pesticide
wick applicators
a pesticide-soaked rope, wick, or sponge. dab of rub the wick across the target area to transfer pesticides
trunk banding
applying a band of insecticide around the trunk of a tree just below where the lowest major branches join the trunk. band should be at least 1 foot wide. kills larvae that crawl across it.
trunk injection
use gravity or pressure to feed solutions into holes that have been drilled or punched into tree trunk or root buttresses. pesticide within a tree occurs in the outermost sapwood.
soil injection
inject systemic insecticides into the soil around shrubs where there is highest likely-hood to cotact roots.
implantation
solid chemicals, usually water soluble capsules, are inserted in holes drilled into the outer sapwood. sap from living wood dissolves the capsule, allowing chemical to be carried upward in the sap stream
spray to the point of runoff
spray ornamental plant to the point of runoff to ensure even coverage of product.
