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Colorado Department of Agriculture > Ornamental > Flashcards

Ornamental Flashcards

1
Q

IPM includes

A

cultural, physical, mechanical, chemical, biological controls to manage pests

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2
Q

silk shelters

A

shelter made 100% from silk. usually do not enclose foliage. caterpillars feed from outside the shelter and use it for protection.

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3
Q

web-enclosed foliage

A

silk webs enclosing foliage in which caterpillars feed inside

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4
Q

scale and aphid covering

A

a protective waxy covering excreted by certain aphids, scales, and mealybugs

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5
Q

insect or mite remains

A

includes egg shells, shed nymphal, larval, and pupal skins, cocoons, frass, and trails of silk

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6
Q

frass

A

debris or excrement produced by insects

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7
Q

honeydew

A

sticky liquid sugar excreted by scales and aphids. a black sooty mold may grow on the honeydew

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8
Q

sawdust, wood chips, and pitch balls

A

found on or below the host plant. mostly from the feeding of bark beetles, wood borers, and shoot borers

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9
Q

galls

A

distorted tissue growth found most commonly on leaves. cause by aphids, psyllids, fly midges, and tiny wasps

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10
Q

biotic

A

living

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11
Q

abiotic

A

non living

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12
Q

biotic diseases

A

fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes, and other living pathogens

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13
Q

one sided symptom distribution

A

root damage from digging or disease, wind desiccation, herbicide drift, vascular wilt

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14
Q

top to bottom symptom distribution

A

mechanical damage to trunk

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15
Q

bottom to top symptom distribution

A

transplant shock

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16
Q

inside to outside symptom distribution

A

normal needle drop, oxygen starvation to roots, desiccation, transplant shock

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17
Q

outside to inside symptom distribution

A

blight, root damage, transplant shock, herbicide damage

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18
Q

cultural controls for ornamental plants include

A

hardiness, plant resistance, planting, watering, fertilization, pruning

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19
Q

mechanical controls include

A

barriers, mulching, hosing/syringing, traps

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20
Q

biological controls include

A

using predatory or parasitic pests to control a different pest population

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21
Q

involved in most serious human pesticide poisonings

A

organophosphates (act as nerve poisons)

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22
Q

organophosphates & carbamates

A

inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, interrupting the transmission of nerve impulses

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23
Q

pyrethroids

A

act as an axonic poison by interfering with the sodium channels of both the peripheral and central nervous system, stimulating repetitive nervous discharges, leading to paralysis

24
Q

chloronicotinyls

A

binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, disrupting nerve transmission

25
Q

chlorinated hydrocarbons

A

disrupt function of nervous system

26
Q

inorganic fungicides

A

oldest pesticides used. usually contain copper or sulfur. almost entirely discontinued due to threat of mammalian health

27
Q

organic fungicides

A

contain carbon molecules.

28
Q

terms to describe organic fungicides

A

preventive, contact, and broad spectrum (do not help with infections that are already existing)

29
Q

systemic fungicides

A

absorbed by the plant and are able to eradicate existing infections

30
Q

antibiotics

A

complex, natural organic chemicals produced by one microorganism and toxic to another microorganism. in general, they are produced by fungi and are active against bacteria.

31
Q

nematicides

A

applied as soil fumigants or injected. pose more hazard to humans than fungicides

32
Q

pesticide formulation

A

finished, read-to-mix or ready-to-use products

33
Q

solids

A

baits, dry flowables, dusts, gels, granulars, soluble powders, and wettable powders

34
Q

liquids

A

emulsifiable concentrates, concentrated emulsions, flowables, microencapsulated pesticides, true liquid/solutions

35
Q

gases

A

fumigants are volatile liquids or solids packaged for release as a gas.

36
Q

baits

A

formulated by mixing a food or other substance with a pesticide attractant

37
Q

dry flowables/water dispersible granules

A

formulated into small pellets or granules. form a suspension when mixed with water and require less agitation than wettable powders

38
Q

dusts

A

designed to be applied dry. no dilution is needed

39
Q

gels

A

semi-liquid emulsifiable concentrates that are used with water soluble packaging.

40
Q

granulars

A

mixed onto fairly large particle of clay, ground corn cob, or walnut hulls, or manufactured granules. no mixing needed

41
Q

soluble powders

A

will go into true solution when mixed with water

42
Q

wettable powders

A

are formulated on a dry particle and contain ingredients that allow the particles to mix with water. the resulting solution is referred to as a suspension

43
Q

emulsifiable concentrates

A

active ingredients that are insoluble in water. include an emulsifier which allows the pesticide to mix with water, forming a “milk” suspension

44
Q

concentrated emulsions

A

AKA “emulsions in water.” consist of a thick, water-based emulsion and an active ingredient paste. minimize the level of solvent needed to dissolve the pesticide and emulsify the solution in water. concentrated emulsion is diluted in water for application

45
Q

flowables

A

can only be produced in solid or semisolid form. often ground into a fine powder and suspended into liquid.

46
Q

microencapsulated

A

impregnated into tiny, slow release plastic beads and mixed into liquid

47
Q

true liquid/solutions

A

when mixed with water, true solution remains clear

48
Q

adjuvants

A

can either reduce the number of spray droplets, increase the effectiveness of the active ingredient, or make application easier.

49
Q

stickers

A

improve the weatherability of a spray deposit, especially from washing by rainfall or irrigation

50
Q

surfactants

A

surface active ingredients. makes product more likely to remain on leaves without bouncing off.

51
Q

synergists

A

greatly increase the activity of pesticides by blocking the ability of the pest to break down the pesticide

52
Q

wick applicators

A

a pesticide-soaked rope, wick, or sponge. dab of rub the wick across the target area to transfer pesticides

53
Q

trunk banding

A

applying a band of insecticide around the trunk of a tree just below where the lowest major branches join the trunk. band should be at least 1 foot wide. kills larvae that crawl across it.

54
Q

trunk injection

A

use gravity or pressure to feed solutions into holes that have been drilled or punched into tree trunk or root buttresses. pesticide within a tree occurs in the outermost sapwood.

55
Q

soil injection

A

inject systemic insecticides into the soil around shrubs where there is highest likely-hood to cotact roots.

56
Q

implantation

A

solid chemicals, usually water soluble capsules, are inserted in holes drilled into the outer sapwood. sap from living wood dissolves the capsule, allowing chemical to be carried upward in the sap stream

57
Q

spray to the point of runoff

A

spray ornamental plant to the point of runoff to ensure even coverage of product.

Colorado Department of Agriculture (5 decks)

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