General Flashcards
what government agency regulates pesticides?
EPA
a person who uses or supervises the use of RUPs in the production of agricultural commodities on land owned or rented by him/her or his/her employer.
private applicator
any person who engages in the business of applying pesticides or operating a device for hire.
commercial applicator
state lead agency
colorado EPA approved program
FIFRA
federal insecticide, fungicide, and rodenticide act
labels only valid in the state they are issued
24a
emergency exemptions
section 18
minimum risk pesticides
25b
maximum residue limit
tolerance
governs the establishment of pesticide tolerances for food and feed products
FFDCA (Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act)
WPS
worker protection standard
Danger-Poison
very toxic from oral, dermal, or inhalation exposure, and can be fatal or cause irreversible eye damage.
Danger
highly toxic
Warning
moderately likely to cause issues
Caution
slightly toxic or relatively nontoxic.
avicides
control bird pests
bactericides
control bacteria
disinfectants
control microorganisms
fungicides
control fungi
herbicides
control weeds or undesirable plants
insecticides
control insects and related arthropods
defoliants
cause leaves of foliage to drop from plants
desiccants
promote drying or loss of moisture from plant tissues
growth regulators
alter the growth or development of plant or animal
molluscicides
control slugs or snails
nematicides
control nematodes
miticides
control mites and ticks
piscicides
control fish
predacides
control predatory vertebrates
repellents
repel insects, related invertebrates, birds, and mammals
rodenticides
control rodents (rats and mice)
wood preservatives
protect wood from decay and stain fungi, insects, and other wood destroying organisms
mode of action
the way pesticides affect and enter pests
inorganic
do not contain carbon and are usually derived from mineral ores extracted from the earth.
organic
contain carbon in their chemical structure. usually created by combining chemical compounds, but few are extracted from plant material and are called BOTANICALS.
botanicals
organic pesticides that are extracted from plant material.
contact pesticides
only kill parts of the organism they physically come in the contact with
systemic pesticides
move from the site of application to another site within the plant or animal where they become effective
stomach poison
has to be eaten
broad spectrum
control many species
selective pesticides
only workon certain species
pre planting
applying the pesticide before planting
pre emergence
applying the pesticide before the seedlings come up
post emergence
applying the pesticide after the seedlings come up
residual herbicides
nonselective herbicides applied to soil. control growing plants and prevent growth of new plants for as long as the compound remains active, often several years.
foliar applied
applied to plant leaves, stems, and branches either contact or systemic
soil applied
applied to the soil. some are taken up by roots and translocated inside of the plant. others kill seedlings by contact with young shoots or leaves as they break through the soil
protectant fungicides
prevent fungal infections. retard fungal growth or prevent the organisms from entering treated plants. they must be used before the fungi reach the infection stage.
eradicant fungicides
destroy fungi that have already invaded plants and begun to damage plant tissues. they inhibit metabolic processes of growing fungal organisms.
3 types of formulation
solids, liquids, and gases
B
bait
DF
dry flowable
WDG
water dispersible granule
D
dust
G
Granular
P or PS
pellet
SP or S
soluble powder
WP or W
wettable powder
A
Aerosol
EW
Concentrated emulsion
EC or E
emulsifiable concentrate
F
flowable
SC
suspension concentrate
L
true liquid
ULV
ultra low volume concentrates
WSP
water soluble packets
adjuvants
added ingredients that increase the effectiveness of the active ingredient and make application easier.
acidifier
used to lower the pH
efficacy
the capacity to produce an effect
activator
increases the biological efficacy of pesticides
antifoaming agent
eliminates or suppresses foam in spray tank
buffer
causes solution to resist change in pH
drift control agent
used in liquid spray mixtures to reduce drift
penetrant
enhances pesticides’ ability to enter substrate or penetrate surface
wetting agent
increases area that spray droplet with cover
sticker
increases area that spray droplet will cover and ability of pesticide to stick to treated plant surface
surfactants
change surface tension of spray solution
phytotoxicity
injury to plants
leaching
movement of pesticides through the soil as opposed to movement over the surface.
adsorption
The accumulation of gases, liquids, or solutes on the surface of a solid or liquid.
volatility
when a pesticide turns into gas or vapor
solubility
pesticides that dissolve easily in water
biological control
the use of living organisms to reduce pest populations
host
the animal or plant on which or in which another organism resides.
Four main groups of pests
insects, vertebrates, weeds, disease agents or pathogens
insects
insects, mites, ticks spiders, snails, and slugs
vertebrates
birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, and rodents
weeds
undesirable plants
disease agents or pathogens
bacteria, viruses, fungi, nematodes, mycoplasmas
KPCOFGS
Keep = Kingdom Pond = Phylum Clean = Class Or = Order Froggy = Family Gets = Genus Sick = species
acute toxicity
immediate
chronic toxicity
over a long period of time
LD 50
lethal dose
LC 50
lethal concentration
ocular exposure
penetration of pesticides through the eyes
dermal exposure
absorption through the skin
oral exposure
absorption through the mouth and stomach
inhalation exposure
absorption through the lungs
GPA
gallons per acre
88 ft/min
1 mph
