Tumours

Question 1

Define a tumour

Answer 1

Any clinically detectable lump or swelling

Question 2

Define a neoplasm

Answer 2

An abnormal growth of cells that persists after the initial stimulus is removed

Question 3

What is the most common type of vulval cancer?

Answer 3

Squamous cell carcinoma

Question 4

What does VIN stand for?

Answer 4

Vulvual intraepithelial neoplasia

Question 5

What is the transformation zone on the cervix?

Answer 5

Where simple columnar epithelium changes into stratified squamous via metaplasia

Question 6

Is dysplasia neoplastic?

Answer 6

No it is reversible so it is pre-neoplastic

Question 7

What types of HPV are high risk?

Answer 7

16 and 18

Question 8

What does HPV do?

Answer 8

Produce viral proteins E6 and 7, that inactivate tumour suppressor genes p53 and Rb

Question 9

What does CIN stand for?

Answer 9

Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia

Question 10

Name 3 risk factors for CIN

Answer 10

Increased risk exposure to HPV, early first pregnancy, Multiple births and smoking, smoking and immunosuppression

Question 11

Which type of CIN is not treated?

Answer 11

1

Question 12

What are the 2 types of cervical cancer?

Answer 12

Squamous cell carcinoma and Adenocarcinoma

Question 13

What is the common presentation of invasive cervical cancer and endometrial cancer?

Answer 13

Bleeding and a mass

Question 14

What is endometrial hyperplasia?

Answer 14

Thickened endometrium >11mm , can be a precursor to endometrial cancer . Caused by excessive oestrogen

Question 15

What are the 2 types of endometrial cancer?

Answer 15

Endometrioid adenocarcinoma and Serous adenocarcinoma

Question 16

Which endometrial and ovarian cancer is associated with psammoma bodies?

Answer 16

Serous adenocarcinoma

Question 17

What is a fibroid in the myometrium called?

Answer 17

Leiomyoma

Question 18

What are the symptoms of Leiomyoma?

Answer 18

Asymptomatic, pelvic pain, heavy periods and urinary frequency

Question 19

What is a malignant tumour of the myometrium called?

Answer 19

Leiomyosarcoma

Question 20

What is a serum marker for ovarian cancer?

Answer 20

Ca-125

Question 21

What type of teratoma is benign?

Answer 21

mature

Question 22

What is anther name for a mature teratoma?

Answer 22

Dermoid cyst

Question 23

What do theca and granulosa cell tumours produce?

Answer 23

Oestrogen

Question 24

What do Sertoli-Leydig cell tumours produce?

Answer 24

Testosterone

Question 25

What is a risk factor for testicular cancer?

Answer 25

Undescended testicle (Cryptorchidism)