Tumourigenesis

Question 1

Describe the cancer progress in bowel cancer.

Answer 1

BENIGN
hyper proliferation
small polyps
large polyps
severe dysplasia (pre cancerous polyp)
MALIGNANT
adenocarcinoma
cancer

Question 2

A benign tumour e.g. adenoma is also known as a

Answer 2

neoplasm

Question 3

Only ______ tumours are classified as cancer

Answer 3

Malignant

Question 4

If cell proliferation is out of control a tumour, or ______ will be formed. As long as the neoplastic cells remain clustered in a single mass, the tumour said to be ______.
A tumour is considered cancer only if it is ______ i.e. if cells have acquired the ability to invade surrounding tissues.
They may form secondary tumours, called _______.

Answer 4

neoplasm
benign
malignant
metastases

Question 5

Name some differences between benign and malignant tumours.

Answer 5

BENIGN

• slow growing
• few mitoses
• never metastasise
• never invade
• usually resemble tissue of origin.

Question 6

What is the tissue of origin if the prefix is adeno-

Answer 6

glandular epithelium

Question 7

What is the tissue of origin if the prefix is pappilo-

Answer 7

non glandular

Question 8

What is the tissue of origin if the prefix is leiomyo-

Answer 8

smooth muscle

Question 9

What is the tissue of origin if the prefix is chondro-

Answer 9

cartilage

Question 10

What is the tissue of origin if the prefix is angio-

Answer 10

blood vessel

Question 11

What is the tissue of origin if the prefix is lipo-

Answer 11

fat

Question 12

What is the tissue of origin if the prefix is osteo-

Answer 12

bones

Question 13

What is the tissue of origin if the prefix is rhabdo-

Answer 13

skeletal muscle

Question 14

What is the meaning if the suffix is -oma

Answer 14

tumour (benign or malignant)

Question 15

What is the meaning if the suffix is -carcinoma

Answer 15

epithelial malignancy

Question 16

What is the meaning if the suffix is -sarcoma

Answer 16

connective tissue malignancy

Question 17

What is the meaning if the suffix is -aemia

Answer 17

malignancy of bone marrow derived cells e.g blood

Question 18

Most cancers originate from _________ tissues

Answer 18

epithelial

Question 19

Tumours are caused by _______.
Define the term.
Where do these have to occur in order to develop a tumour?
Is a single mutation enough to cause a tumour, and ultimately cancer?

Answer 19

mutations
mutations are genetic alterations e.g. modification of a person’s DNA sequence.
Tumours result from mutations in critical regulatory genes that control cell proliferation, differentiation and survival.
NO! Multiple mutations accumulate during a person’s lifetime.

Question 20

Most tumours start with a

Answer 20

single abnormal cell

Question 21

Tumour development is characterised by multiple rounds of _____ and _________. Tumour progression occurs once d______ tumour cells are driven to divide. Therefore, both m_____ and pr______ of cell division play a role in the process. Additional mutations then occur to create v_____ cell with _______ growth potential. More rapid division makes the development of further mutations _____ likely.

Answer 21

mutation
selection
dormant

mutagens
promoters
variant
increased
more

Question 22

Difference between mutations and mitogens

Answer 22

Mutations are tumour initiators e.g. carcinogens
Mitogens are tumour promoters. Without mitogens, gene mutations may lie dormant for many years until a mitogenic stimulus drives the cell to divide

Question 23

Tumour promoters (mitogens) can be b______, ch______ or ph_____ stimuli that promote cell division

Answer 23

biological, chemical or physical

Question 24

Fewer than ___% of all adenomas become cancerous

Answer 24

10

Question 25

Tumours can be classified by ___ or _____ staging with _____ stages usually associated with ___ prognosis

Answer 25

Tumour Node Metastases (TMN)
Duke’s
higher
poor

Question 26

Explain TNM classifcation.

How many stages are there?

Answer 26

Size of primary tumour (T)
Do lymph nodes contain cancer cells (N)
Has the cancer spread to another part of the body (M)
4