Tumourigenesis Flashcards
Describe the cancer progress in bowel cancer.
BENIGN hyper proliferation small polyps large polyps severe dysplasia (pre cancerous polyp) MALIGNANT adenocarcinoma cancer
A benign tumour e.g. adenoma is also known as a
neoplasm
Only ______ tumours are classified as cancer
Malignant
If cell proliferation is out of control a tumour, or ______ will be formed. As long as the neoplastic cells remain clustered in a single mass, the tumour said to be ______.
A tumour is considered cancer only if it is ______ i.e. if cells have acquired the ability to invade surrounding tissues.
They may form secondary tumours, called _______.
neoplasm
benign
malignant
metastases
Name some differences between benign and malignant tumours.
BENIGN
- slow growing
- few mitoses
- never metastasise
- never invade
- usually resemble tissue of origin.
What is the tissue of origin if the prefix is adeno-
glandular epithelium
What is the tissue of origin if the prefix is pappilo-
non glandular
What is the tissue of origin if the prefix is leiomyo-
smooth muscle
What is the tissue of origin if the prefix is chondro-
cartilage
What is the tissue of origin if the prefix is angio-
blood vessel
What is the tissue of origin if the prefix is lipo-
fat
What is the tissue of origin if the prefix is osteo-
bones
What is the tissue of origin if the prefix is rhabdo-
skeletal muscle
What is the meaning if the suffix is -oma
tumour (benign or malignant)
What is the meaning if the suffix is -carcinoma
epithelial malignancy
What is the meaning if the suffix is -sarcoma
connective tissue malignancy
What is the meaning if the suffix is -aemia
malignancy of bone marrow derived cells e.g blood
Most cancers originate from _________ tissues
epithelial
Tumours are caused by _______.
Define the term.
Where do these have to occur in order to develop a tumour?
Is a single mutation enough to cause a tumour, and ultimately cancer?
mutations
mutations are genetic alterations e.g. modification of a person’s DNA sequence.
Tumours result from mutations in critical regulatory genes that control cell proliferation, differentiation and survival.
NO! Multiple mutations accumulate during a person’s lifetime.
Most tumours start with a
single abnormal cell
Tumour development is characterised by multiple rounds of _____ and _________. Tumour progression occurs once d______ tumour cells are driven to divide. Therefore, both m_____ and pr______ of cell division play a role in the process. Additional mutations then occur to create v_____ cell with _______ growth potential. More rapid division makes the development of further mutations _____ likely.
mutation
selection
dormant
mutagens promoters variant increased more
Difference between mutations and mitogens
Mutations are tumour initiators e.g. carcinogens
Mitogens are tumour promoters. Without mitogens, gene mutations may lie dormant for many years until a mitogenic stimulus drives the cell to divide
Tumour promoters (mitogens) can be b______, ch______ or ph_____ stimuli that promote cell division
biological, chemical or physical
Fewer than ___% of all adenomas become cancerous
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