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PY352 > Immunity > Flashcards

Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

The discrimination between ‘self’ and ‘nonself’ and the subsequent destruction and removal of foreign material is accomplished by?

A

Innate immune system

Adaptive immune system

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2
Q

What are some components involved in innate immunity?

A
  • Macrophages
  • Granulocytes
  • Natural Killer Cells
  • Complement
  • Other chemicals e.g HCl and Lysozyme
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3
Q

What are the two types of adapted immunity?

A

Cell mediated

Humoral

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4
Q

What components are involved in cell mediates adaptive immunity?

A

Antigen presenting cells

T-cells

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5
Q

What components are involved in the humoral adaptive immunity?

A

T cells
B cells
Antibodies
Complement

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6
Q

Outline the characteristics of innate and adaptive immunity

A 
Innate:
- immediate action
- non-specific response
- response not enhanced on repeated exposure to pathogen
Adaptive:
- delayed action
- specific response
- response enhanced by repeated exposure to pathogen
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7
Q

What are the first line defence for innate immunity?

A

1) Mechanical Barrier
2) Chemical and biochemical inhibitors
3) Normal flora

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8
Q

What are the second line defence for innate immunity?

A
  • Cells: Natural killer cells, Phagocytes
  • Soluble factors
  • Inflammatory barriers
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9
Q

Some mechanical barriers for first line innate immunity include:

A
  • Intact skin
  • Mucous coat
  • Mucous secretion
  • Blinking reflex and tears
  • The hair at the nares
  • Coughing and sneezing reflex
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10
Q

Some chemical and biochemical inhibitors for first line innate immunity include:

A
  • sweat and sebaceous secretions
  • hydrolytic enzymes in saliva
  • HCl of stomach
  • Proteolytic enzyme in small intestine
  • lysozyme in teas
  • acidic pH in the adult vagina
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11
Q

Examples of how normal flora help with first line innate immunity

A
  • provide competition for essential nutrients

- production of inhibitory substances

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12
Q

The immune system is…

A

the body’s defence mechanism. It comprises of an interacting set of specialised cells AND proteins designed to identify and destroy foreign invaders

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13
Q

The immune system must be able to differentiate between material that is:

A
  • a normal component of the body (self) and material that is not native to the body (non-self)
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14
Q

Cells involved in specific immune mechanisms are:
i)
ii)

A

i) heamatopoietic leucocytes

ii) non-hematopoietic cells

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15
Q

Heamatopoietic cells include:

  • lymphoid cells such as
  • monocytic myeloid cells such as
A
  • T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, NK cells

- macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils + mast cells

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of the lymphoid heamatopoietic cells?

A

a) T-lymphocytes:
- antigen specific cells carrying CD3 complex; CD4, CD8.
- dominant lymphocyte (70%)
- cytokine production
- activates other cells (T-help CD4)
- suppressors other cells (T-supp CD8)

b) B-lymphocytes:
- antigen specific cells
- antibody production
- less common lymphocyte (20%)

c) NK cells
- not antigen specific
- carries Fc receptors

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17
Q

What are the characteristics of monocytic myeloid haemotopoietic cells?

A

a) macrophages
- non specific
- APC (+ antigen processing cells)
- carry Fc receptors
- phagocytic
- produce cytokines

b) neutrophils
- non specific
- carry Fc receptors

c) Eosinophils
- non specific
- carry Fc receptor
- produce allergic mediators

d) Basophils and mast cells
- non specific
- carry Fc receptor
- produce allergic mediators

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18
Q

What are the non-haemotopoietic cells and what is their function?

A
  • Dendritic cells
  • Astrocytes
  • Endothelial cells
    INVOLVED IN ANTIGEN PRESENTATION
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19
Q

What are all the antigen presenting cells. State if they’re heamotopoietic or non-haemotopoietic.

A

a) macrophages: haemotopoietic
b) dendritic cells: non-haemotopoietic
c) astrocytes: non-haemotopoietic
d) endothelial cells: non-haemotopoietic

20
Q

State the source for:

  • NK cells
  • phagocytes (macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils etc)
A
  • bone marrow precursors

- stem cells

21
Q

NK cells are responsible for? (ADCC)

A

Antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity

22
Q

NK cells are cytotoxic for:

A
  • tumour cells
  • viral infected cells
  • bacterial, fungal and parasitic infected cells
23
Q

Name some soluble factors and their function or where they are found.

A
  • complement (proteins in serum, body fluids)
  • interferons (protects against viral infections)
  • lysozyme (hydrolyses cell wall)
  • lactoperoxidase (saliva + milk)
  • lactoferrin, transferrin (iron binding protein)
24
Q

What are the different types of interferon?

A
  • alpha
  • beta
  • gamma
25
Q

What cell is alpha interferon secreted by?

A

alpha

26
Q

What cell is beta interferon secreted by?

A

fibroblasts

27
Q

What cell is gamma interferon secreted by?

A

t-lymphocytes

28
Q

What cell is alpha interferon induced by?

A

viruses

29
Q

What cell is beta interferon induced by?

A

viruses

30
Q

What cell is gamma interferon induced by?

A

specific antigens

31
Q

What are the actions of interferons?

A
  • activate T cells
  • activate macrophages
  • activate NK cells
32
Q

Define phagocytosis

A

The engulfment, digestion and subsequent processing of microorganisms by macrophages and neutrophils

33
Q

What are the three steps to phagocytosis?

A

1 - Chemotaxis and attachment
2- Ingestion
3 - Killing (2 routes; O2 dep, O2 indep)

34
Q

Chemotaxis and attachment stage of phagocytosis involves:

A

Attraction by chemotactic substances (microbes, damaged tissues)
Attachment by phagocyte surface receptor

35
Q

Ingestion stage of phagocytosis involves:

A

Phagocyte pseudopodia surround organism forming phagosome.
Attachment enzymes and co-factors enhance phagocytosis.
Fusion with phagocyte granules, and release of digestive toxic contents.

36
Q

What are the inflammatory barriers?

A

Inflammatory response

a) release of chemical mediators e.g histamine, fibrin, kinin, cytokine
b) vasodilation of capillaries

37
Q

Vasodilation of capillaries causes:

A
  • redness of tissue
  • increase tissue temperature
  • increase capillary permeability
  • influx of fluids
  • influx of phagocytes into tissues
38
Q

Process by with acquired immune response is initiated:

A
  • recognition of antigen by specific lymphocytes
  • activation of these specific lymphocytes
  • proliferation and differentiation in effector (B) cells
  • Effector (B) cells eliminate antigen
  • Return of homeostasis and memory cell development
  • Memory cells produce a more rapid and long response on re-exposure to same antigen
39
Q

Explain how vaccinations can be

a) prophylactic
b) therapeutic

A

a) to prevent the effects of a future infection by any natural or ‘wild’ pathogen
b) vaccines against certain cancers

40
Q

Vaccinations work by:

A

producing immunity against pathogens, by introducing live or killed antigens that stimulate the body to produce antibodies against more dangerous forms

41
Q

Tolerance is a specific…

A

immunologic unresponsiveness

42
Q

Unresponsiveness to ___- ______ is known as ___-______ and is the normal homeostatic state

A

self-antigens

auto-tolerance

43
Q

What are the two mechanisms by which B cells become tolerant to self cells?

A

1 - clonal deletion (central; when B-cell precursors are in bone marrow)
2 - clonal anergy i.e. lack of reaction (peripheral)

44
Q

What occurs in T-cell clonal deletion (central tolerance)

A

T-cells acquire ability to distinguish self from non self in fetal thymus. This involves killing T-cells that react AGAINST the antigens that are present in the foetus at that time

45
Q

What occurs in T-cell clonal anergy (peripheral tolerance)

A

Some self-reactive cells are not killed in thymus. Functional inactivation of surviving self-reactive T cells takes place.

PY352 (25 decks)

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