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PY352 > Parenteral Drug Delivery > Flashcards

Parenteral Drug Delivery Flashcards

1
Q

Injections used for parenteral route need to be of _____ standards. They must be

A

high

  • sterile
  • pyrogen free (microbial by-products such as endotoxins)
  • should not have particulates such as glass, fibres, precipitate
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2
Q

What are the reasons for using injections?

A
  • rapid release of drug into system needed e.g emergency
  • if patient is unconscious, uncooperative, unable to take other forms
  • if drug is not available in other forms because ineffective (poorly absorbed, inactivated, irritant) e.g. insulin
  • local action e.g. local anaesthetic at a dentists surgery
  • need a prolonged action e.g. testosterone hormone for prostate cancer
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3
Q

What are some problems of injections?

A
  • Once administered, you cannot remove it. Therefore if there is an overdose, there will be adverse effects. Whereas with oral, you can induce vomit
  • More difficult and expensive to produce; sterile, pyrogen free, particulate free
  • Compliance is an issue; pain, discomfort, irritant
  • Can require a trained personnel e.g. cannulas/ infusions
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4
Q

What are the two types of injection? What are their features?

A 
Small volume parenterals (1-50ml)
- not necessarily IV
- not necessarily physiological pH
- not necessarily isotonic
Large volume parenterals (upto 1000ml)
- IV infusion over long period of time
- isotonic 0.9% NaCl or 5% dextrose
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5
Q

What are the types of injectables? Expand each type

A
  • sterile solution; solvent can be water or vegetable oil
  • sterile suspension; continuous phase can be water or oil
  • implants; sc/im, from weeks to months
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6
Q

Which has a faster onset of action? Solution of suspension?

A

Solution because suspension requires dissolution. Also, bodily fluids are aqueous therefore solution has faster onset of action. Oleaginous would take longer.

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7
Q

What are the main routes of parenteral?

NOTE: There are also other routes

A

IV, IM, SC

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8
Q

Name the order in which the drug is injected through the hollow needle into the body from the least deep to most deep. (ORDER IM, IV, SC, ID)

A

ID
SC
IM
IV (deepest)

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9
Q

Intra-articular = injection into

A

joints

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10
Q

Intra-spinal = injected into

A

spinal column

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11
Q

Intra-arterial = injected into

A

arteries

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12
Q

Intrasynovial = injected into

A

joint fluid area

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13
Q

Intrathecal = injected into

A

spinal fluid

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14
Q

Intracardiac = injected into

A

heart

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15
Q

In terms of volume, IV is

A

small or large volume

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16
Q

How is IV route usually administered?

A

Veins of forearms

17
Q

Are IV solutions generally aqueous or non aqueous

A

Aqueous - less likely to ppt therefore less likely to block blood flow

18
Q

Large volumes for IV given as

A

infusions

19
Q

Small volumes for IV given as

A

bolus

20
Q

What are the advantages of IV?

A
  • rapid onset of action
  • 100% bioavailability/ absorption so precise dosing
  • can use large volumes
  • controlled duration of action (infusion)
  • high molecular weight compounds i.e. heparins
  • emergencies
  • fluid/ electrolyte support for shock, dehydration, severe bleeding
21
Q

What are the types of IV administration and their adv/dis?

A
  • IV bolus or IV push (drug tox or irritation because not diluted)
  • intermitted (safer than bolus because diluted, but less convenient)
  • continuous (fluid; LVP and drug administered simultaneously, excellent blood plasma level control, drug tox and irritation minimised, REQUIRES MORE MONITORING)
22
Q

Disadvantages of IV?

A
  • discomfort, fear, poor compliance
  • tissue damage
  • need trained personnel
  • cannot reverse effects
  • different dose to oral
  • possibility of infection
23
Q

With sc route, where are you injecting?

A

The fat just under the skin. Need to rotate site.

24
Q

What are the parenteral devices to deliver insulin?

A
  • needle and syringe
  • insulin pen injectors
  • insulin jet injectors
  • insulin pump
25
Q

What are two types of system-drug interaction?

A
  • insulin adsorption

- insulin aggregation (due to temp fluctuations, leading to loss of biological activity)

26
Q

With SC, the drug enters the capillaries via

A

diffusion and/pr filtration

27
Q

With SC, blood supply is important,

  • vasoconstriction will
  • exercise will
A
  • decrease absorption

- increase flow therefore increased absorption

28
Q

What is the target muscle in infants and young children? Why?

A

Deltoid (upper arm)

avoids nerves and blood vessels

29
Q

What is the target muscle in adults?

A

Buttox - Gluteus maximus

30
Q

If you want a sustained release, do you use aqueous or oily injections? What is used for progesterone and testosterone?

A

oily

sesame oil

31
Q

What can influence the release rate of IM? What is this affected by?

A

Droplet surface area

  • Force of injection
  • Size of needle
  • Viscosity of oil phase
32
Q

What are some physiological factors that can affect rate of drug release for IM?

A
  • Body temperature
  • Muscle pH
  • Metabolism
  • Level of exercise
  • Buffer capacity
33
Q

What are implants?

A

These are sterile, solid drug products that are made by compression, melting or sintering

34
Q

Where is intradermal injected into?

A

Anterior forearm, back

35
Q

What can ID route be used for?

A

Diagnostic allergy tests, tuberculin tests.

36
Q

What do powder injections deliver?

A

Dry powder

37
Q

Multi-use nozzle jet injectors were discontinued because

A

linked to contamination with blood

38
Q

What are the 4 devices for needle free devices?

A
  • solid injection
  • powder injection
  • mulit-use nozzle jet injectors
  • disposable cartridge jet injectors
39
Q

Needle-free devices (can be more painful so not well accepted) but market should increase with:

A
  • more drugs
  • increased patients awareness and acceptance
  • lack of special disposable requirements
  • standardisation of requirements

PY352 (25 decks)

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