Tumour pathology 2 + Flashcards

1
Q

Properties of cancer cells

A
  • Altered cellular function
  • Abnormal morphology
  • Cells capable of independent growth
  • Tumour biomarkers.
  • Loss of tumour suppressor genes.
  • Gain of function of oncogenes
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2
Q

what is the clinical use of Alpha-fetoprotein as a tumour biomarker?

A
  • Teratoma of testis
  • Hepatocellular carcinoma (Liver)
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3
Q

what is the clinical use of Carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA) as a tumour biomarker?

A

•Colorectal cancer

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4
Q

what is the clinical use of Oestrogen receptor as a tumour biomarker?

A

•Breast cancer

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5
Q

what is the clinical use of Prostate specific antigen as tumour biomarker?

A

•Prostate cancer

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6
Q

Biomarker - Tumour table

what are the clinically useful Predictive biomarkers?

A
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7
Q

How is tumour growth balanced

A
  • Angiogenesis
  • Apoptosis
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8
Q

Tumour Angiogenesis

A
  • New blood vessel formation by tumours
  • Required to sustain tumour growth
  • Provides route for release of tumour cells into circulation
  • More blood vessels in a tumour = poorer prognosis
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9
Q

Apoptosis

A
  • Mechanism of programmed single cell death
  • Active cell process
  • Regulates tumour growth
  • Involved in response to chemotherapy and radiotherapy
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10
Q

Mode of cancer spread

A
  • Local spread
  • Lymphatic spread
  • Blood spread
  • Trans-coelomic spread (body cavities)
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11
Q

how does cancer spread locally?►

A

Malignant tumour invasion of connective tissue and then Invasion into lymph/blood vessels.

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12
Q

how does cancer spread via Blood?►

A
  • Adherence of tumour cells to blood vessels
  • Invasion from blood vessels
  • Invasion into tissue
  • Formation of metastasis.
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13
Q

how the cancer spread via Trans-coelomic? ►

A
  • Special form of local spread
  • Spread of tumour cells across body cavities e.g. pleural or peritoneal cavities
  • Tumours of lung, stomach, colon and ovary show trans-coelomic spread
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14
Q

what are the common sites of metastasis?

A
  • Liver
  • Lung
  • Brain
  • Bone –Axial skeleton
  • Adrenal gland
  • Omentum (a layer of peritoneum that surrounds abdominal organs)
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15
Q

what are the Uncommon Sites
Of Metastasis?

A
  • Spleen
  • Kidney
  • Skeletal muscle
  • Heart
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16
Q

Table

A
17
Q

Metastises

A

Tumour ⇒Tissue

  • Breast Bone
  • Prostate Bone
  • Colorectal Liver
  • Ovary Omentum
18
Q

Tumour suppressor genes and oncogenes

A

Loss of tumour suppressor genes

  • Adenomatous polyposis (APC)
  • Retinoblastoma (Rb)
  • BRCA1

Gain of function of oncogenes

  • B-raf
  • Cyclin D1
  • ErbB2
  • Myc
  • K-ras, N-ras