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tumor markers Flashcards

1
Q

tumor markers are the substances that can be found in — when cancer is present or monitoring the progress of cancer

enumerate

A
  • blood
  • urine
  • OBF
  • tissues
  • tumors
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2
Q

tumor markers are produced either directly by the tumor or as an effect of the tumor on health tissue (host).

true or false

A

true

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3
Q

when to check tumor markers?

enumerate

A
  • at the time of diagnosis
  • before, during, or after treatment
  • regularly after many years to check recurrence
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4
Q

uses of tumor markers

enumerate

A
  • diagnosing cancer
  • treatment check
  • testing treatments
  • detecting recurrent cancer
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5
Q

TM is cancer sensitive, non-specific, readily detectable in serum and OBF, high level in early stage but the disadvantage is serum levels does not correlate with tumor burden

true or false

A

FALSE

TM is specific and serum level correlates with tumor burden

it is tissue specific

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6
Q

types of tumor markers

enumerate the 8

A
  • serum proteins
  • oncofetal antigen
  • hormones
  • metabolites
  • receptors
  • enzymes
  • carbohydrates
  • genes
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7
Q

tumor markers is non-invasive in nature and lack of inter-observer difference. this is not accurate in quantification but it has the advantage for early detection.

true or false

A

FALSE

TM is accurate in quantification and is detected in small amount.

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8
Q

TM

enumerate the oncofetal antigens

A
  • alpha-feto protein
  • carcinoembryonic antigen
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9
Q

TM

a glycoprotein synthesized by hepatocytes which it helps diagnose and guide the treatment of liver cancer

A

alpha-feto protein

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10
Q

TM

alpha-feto protein is increased in?

A
  • acute and chronic hepatitis
  • testicular cancers & rare types of ovarian cancer
  • choriocarcinoma
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11
Q

TM

AFP: indication of hepatic cancer

A

> 350 ng/ml

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12
Q

TM

used in diagnosis/screening of colorectal cancer which is found in GI tract and pancreas in fetal development

marker of GIT cancer

A

carcinoembryonic antigen

high levels = more advanced condition

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13
Q

TM

this antigen is increased in heavy smokers

A

carcinoembryonic antigen

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14
Q

TM

highly specific for prostate cancer

A

prostate specific antigen

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15
Q

TM

used to test prostatic cancer, multiple, myeloma, and lung cancer

A

prostatic acid phosphatase

but PSA is better

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16
Q

TM

this antigen is found in all prostate cells
high blood levels = age, prostate cancer

A

prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA)

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17
Q

TM

<4ng/ml = unlikely
—- = gray zone
—- = most likely

PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN

A

<4ng/ml = unlikely
4-10 ng/ml = gray zone
>10 ng/ml = most likely

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18
Q

TM

LDH is found in testes and a marker for?

A

testicular cancer & other germ cell tumors

used to monitor treatment effect and to watch for recurrence of disease.

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19
Q

TM

marker for neuroendocrine tumors also used for follow up of patients with small lung cancer or neuroblastoma

A

neuron specific enolase (NSE)

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20
Q

TM

abnormal levels of neuron specific enolase (NSE)

A

> 9 ug/ml

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21
Q

TM

alkaline phosphatase is a marker for —

enumerate

A
  • metastatic cancer of bone
  • hepatocellular cancer
  • osteosarcoma
  • lymphoma
  • leukemia
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22
Q

TM

enumerate the cancer antigens

A
  • CA 15-3
  • CA 125
  • CA 19-9
  • CA 27-29
  • CA 72-4
  • CA 50
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23
Q

TM - CANCER ANTIGENS

used for breast cancer and elevated in other cancers like lung, ovarian, benign breast conditions

A

CA 15-3

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24
Q

TM - CANCER ANTIGENS

normal values and method for CA 15-3

A

<30 u/ml
method: immunoassay

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25
Q

TM - CANCER ANTIGENS

standard marker for epithelial ovarian cancer found in most serious endometriod and clear carcinomas of the ovary

NV: <35 u/ml

A

CA 125

disadvantafe: can be missed in early stage

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26
Q

TM - CANCER ANTIGENS

a marker for colorectal cancer and now used to detect pancreatic cancer

high in advanced stage & also in some conditions

A

CA 19-9

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27
Q

TM - CANCER ANTIGENS

NV and method of CA 19-9

A

NV: <36 u/ml
method: immunoassay

28
Q

TM - CANCER ANTIGENS

used to follow up patients with breast cancer during and after treatment

measurement is same with CA 15-3

A

CA 27-29

NV: <40 u/ml method: immunoassay

29
Q

TM - CANCER ANTIGENS

new marker for ovarian, pancreatic, and stomach cancer.

A

CA 72-4

method: immunoassay

30
Q

TM - CANCER ANTIGENS

marker for gastric & panreatic cancer (recurrence and treatment)

A

CA 50

method: immunoassay

31
Q

TM - HORMONES

enumerate the hormones associated with tumors

A
  • calcitonin
  • ADH
  • chromogranin A
  • growth hormone
  • C-peptide
  • prolactin
  • thyroglobulin
  • catecholamines
  • cortisol
  • parahyroid hormone
  • serotonin
32
Q

TM - HORMONES

medullary thyroid carcinoma
produced by parafollicular cells of thyroid

marker for thyroid cancer

A

calcitonin

33
Q

TM - HORMONES

> 100 pg/ml of calcitonin indicates?

A

medullary thyroid carcinoma

NV: 5-12 pg/ml

34
Q

TM - HORMONES

marker for posterior pituitary tumors

35
Q

TM - HORMONES

made by neuroendocrine tumors and is most sensitive for carcinoid tumors

NV: less than 50 ng/ml

A

chromogranin A

36
Q

TM - HORMONES

marker for pituitary adenoma

A

growth hormone | prolactin | parathyroid hormone

37
Q

TM - HORMONES

associated with insulin secreting tumors and is measured by ELISA

38
Q

TM - HORMONES

marker for recurrent thyroid cancer and protein made by thyroid gland

A

thyroblogulin

39
Q

TM - HORMONES

thyroglobulin is measured by —

enumerate

A
  • RIA
  • ELISA
  • immunoradiometric assay
40
Q

TM - HORMONES

associated with adrenal tumors

41
Q

TM - HORMONES

associated with carcinoid tumors and measured by HPLC

42
Q

TM - HORMONES

catecholamines is associated with what cancer/s?

A
  • neuroblastoma
  • phoechromocytoma
  • paranganglionoma
43
Q

TM - SERUM PROTEINS/ IMMUNOGLOBULINS

immunoglobulins are blood proteins made by immune system, specifically what cells?

A

mature B cells

44
Q

TM - SERUM PROTEINS/ IMMUNOGLOBULINS

this diseases produced abnormal antibodies

enumerate

A
  • bone marrow cancer
  • multiple myeloma
  • waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia
45
Q

TM - SERUM PROTEINS/ IMMUNOGLOBULINS

what are the proteins associated with melanoma

A

S-100 and TA-90

46
Q

TM - SERUM PROTEINS/ IMMUNOGLOBULINS

beta-human chorionic gonadotropin is elevated in?

enumerate

A
  • testicular cancer
  • ovarian cancer
  • choriocarcinoma
  • increase in some mediastinal germ cell tumors
47
Q

TM - SERUM PROTEINS/ IMMUNOGLOBULINS

NV of beta 2 microglobulin

A

less than 2.5 mg/L

48
Q

TM - SERUM PROTEINS/ IMMUNOGLOBULINS

beta 2 microglobulin is increase in —

enumerate

A
  • multiple myeloma
  • CLL
  • lymphomas
  • kidney disease
  • hepatitis
49
Q

TM - SERUM PROTEINS/ IMMUNOGLOBULINS

protein found on most meloma cells and used to look on melanoma spread before, during, and after treatment

A

S-100

increased in metastatic melanoma

50
Q

TM - SERUM PROTEINS/ IMMUNOGLOBULINS

this protein found on nucleus of cells

greater than 10 u/ml indicates —

A

NUCLEAR MATRIX PROTEIN
bladder cancer

51
Q

TM - SERUM PROTEINS/ IMMUNOGLOBULINS

protein on outer melanoma cells

used to look for spread of melanoma

52
Q

TM - SERUM PROTEINS/ IMMUNOGLOBULINS

bladder tumor antigen (BTA) is found in — which is check along with NMP for recurrence

A

urine and bladder cancer

reported as positive or negative

53
Q

TM - RECEPTOR PROTEINS/GENES

hormone receptor/s for breast cancer tumor

A

estrogen and progesterone

reported as ER positive and PR positive

54
Q

TM - RECEPTOR PROTEINS/GENES

receptor found in cells and helps them grow. this is used to assess the growth of cancer cells and results are reported as (%)

A

epidermal growth factor receptor (EFGR) - HER 1

55
Q

TM - RECEPTOR PROTEINS/GENES

some lung cancers have defects (mutation) in this gene

identify

A

epidermal growth factor receptor (EFGR) - HER 1

56
Q

TM - RECEPTOR PROTEINS/GENES

increase in breast cancers, stomach cancers

A

epidermal growth factor receptor (EFGR) - HER 2

57
Q

TM - RECEPTOR PROTEINS/GENES

sample used for HER 2

A

tumor

cancer cells (+) = grow & spread faster

58
Q

TM - RECEPTOR PROTEINS/GENES

gene used in assessing colorectal cancer and used as guide on treatment of colorectal cancer

A

V-ki-ras2/Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog
(KRAS)

59
Q

TM - RECEPTOR PROTEINS/GENES

BCR-ABL is an abnormal gene marker for —

most common abnormal gene

A

Chronic myeloid leuklemia

levels serve as guid to treatment

60
Q

TM - RECEPTOR PROTEINS/GENES

method used in BCR-ABL

61
Q

TM

Cancer antigens are quantified using?

A

immunological technique

62
Q

TM

receptor proteins/genes

enumerate the 5

A
  • hormone receptors
  • epidermal growth factor receptor “HER 1”
  • HER 2
  • V-ki-ras2 | Kirsten rat sacroma viral oncogene homolog
  • BCR-ABL
63
Q

TM

serum proteins/immunoglobulins

enumerate the 7

A
  • immunoglobulins
  • beta-human chorionic gonadotropin
  • S-100
  • beta 2 microglobulin
  • nuclear matrix protein
  • TA-90
  • bladder tumor antigen
64
Q

TM

hormones

enumerate the 11

A
  • calcitonin
  • ADH
  • chromogranin A
  • growth hormone
  • C-peptide
  • prolactin
  • tyroglobulin
  • catecholamines
  • cortisol
  • parathyroid hormone
  • serotonin
65
Q

TM

enzymes

enumerate the 4

A
  • prostate specific antigen
  • LDH
  • neuron specific enolase
  • alkaline phosphatase

CC2 lab semi finals (7 decks)

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