Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

CC2 lab semi finals > tumor markers > Flashcards

tumor markers Flashcards

1
Q

tumor markers are the substances that can be found in — when cancer is present or monitoring the progress of cancer

enumerate

A
  • blood
  • urine
  • OBF
  • tissues
  • tumors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

tumor markers are produced either directly by the tumor or as an effect of the tumor on health tissue (host).

true or false

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

when to check tumor markers?

enumerate

A
  • at the time of diagnosis
  • before, during, or after treatment
  • regularly after many years to check recurrence
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

uses of tumor markers

enumerate

A
  • diagnosing cancer
  • treatment check
  • testing treatments
  • detecting recurrent cancer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

TM is cancer sensitive, non-specific, readily detectable in serum and OBF, high level in early stage but the disadvantage is serum levels does not correlate with tumor burden

true or false

A

FALSE

TM is specific and serum level correlates with tumor burden

it is tissue specific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

types of tumor markers

enumerate the 8

A
  • serum proteins
  • oncofetal antigen
  • hormones
  • metabolites
  • receptors
  • enzymes
  • carbohydrates
  • genes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

tumor markers is non-invasive in nature and lack of inter-observer difference. this is not accurate in quantification but it has the advantage for early detection.

true or false

A

FALSE

TM is accurate in quantification and is detected in small amount.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

TM

enumerate the oncofetal antigens

A
  • alpha-feto protein
  • carcinoembryonic antigen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

TM

a glycoprotein synthesized by hepatocytes which it helps diagnose and guide the treatment of liver cancer

A

alpha-feto protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

TM

alpha-feto protein is increased in?

A
  • acute and chronic hepatitis
  • testicular cancers & rare types of ovarian cancer
  • choriocarcinoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

TM

AFP: indication of hepatic cancer

A

> 350 ng/ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

TM

used in diagnosis/screening of colorectal cancer which is found in GI tract and pancreas in fetal development

marker of GIT cancer

A

carcinoembryonic antigen

high levels = more advanced condition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

TM

this antigen is increased in heavy smokers

A

carcinoembryonic antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

TM

highly specific for prostate cancer

A

prostate specific antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

TM

used to test prostatic cancer, multiple, myeloma, and lung cancer

A

prostatic acid phosphatase

but PSA is better

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

TM

this antigen is found in all prostate cells
high blood levels = age, prostate cancer

A

prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

TM

<4ng/ml = unlikely
—- = gray zone
—- = most likely

PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN

A

<4ng/ml = unlikely
4-10 ng/ml = gray zone
>10 ng/ml = most likely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

TM

LDH is found in testes and a marker for?

A

testicular cancer & other germ cell tumors

used to monitor treatment effect and to watch for recurrence of disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

TM

marker for neuroendocrine tumors also used for follow up of patients with small lung cancer or neuroblastoma

A

neuron specific enolase (NSE)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

TM

abnormal levels of neuron specific enolase (NSE)

A

> 9 ug/ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

TM

alkaline phosphatase is a marker for —

enumerate

A
  • metastatic cancer of bone
  • hepatocellular cancer
  • osteosarcoma
  • lymphoma
  • leukemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

TM

enumerate the cancer antigens

A
  • CA 15-3
  • CA 125
  • CA 19-9
  • CA 27-29
  • CA 72-4
  • CA 50
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

TM - CANCER ANTIGENS

used for breast cancer and elevated in other cancers like lung, ovarian, benign breast conditions

A

CA 15-3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

TM - CANCER ANTIGENS

normal values and method for CA 15-3

A

<30 u/ml
method: immunoassay

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
# TM - CANCER ANTIGENS standard marker for **epithelial ovarian cancer** found in most serious endometriod and clear carcinomas of the ovary NV: <35 u/ml
CA 125 | disadvantafe: can be missed in early stage
26
# TM - CANCER ANTIGENS a marker for **colorectal cancer** and now used to detect **pancreatic cancer** | high in advanced stage & also in some conditions
CA 19-9
27
# TM - CANCER ANTIGENS NV and method of CA 19-9
NV: <36 u/ml method: **immunoassay**
28
# TM - CANCER ANTIGENS used to follow up patients with **breast cancer** during and after treatment | measurement is same with CA 15-3
CA 27-29 | NV: <40 u/ml method: **immunoassay**
29
# TM - CANCER ANTIGENS new marker for **ovarian, pancreatic, and stomach cancer**.
CA 72-4 | method: **immunoassay**
30
# TM - CANCER ANTIGENS marker for **gastric & panreatic cancer** (recurrence and treatment)
CA 50 | method: **immunoassay**
31
# TM - HORMONES enumerate the hormones associated with tumors
- calcitonin - ADH - chromogranin A - growth hormone - C-peptide - prolactin - thyroglobulin - catecholamines - cortisol - parahyroid hormone - serotonin
32
# TM - HORMONES **medullary thyroid carcinoma** produced by parafollicular cells of thyroid | marker for thyroid cancer
calcitonin
33
# TM - HORMONES >100 pg/ml of calcitonin indicates?
medullary thyroid carcinoma | NV: **5-12 pg/ml**
34
# TM - HORMONES marker for posterior pituitary tumors
ADH
35
# TM - HORMONES made by neuroendocrine tumors and is most sensitive for carcinoid tumors | NV: **less than 50 ng/ml**
chromogranin A
36
# TM - HORMONES marker for pituitary adenoma
growth hormone | prolactin | parathyroid hormone
37
# TM - HORMONES associated with insulin secreting tumors and is measured by **ELISA**
C-peptide
38
# TM - HORMONES marker for recurrent thyroid cancer and protein made by thyroid gland
thyroblogulin
39
# TM - HORMONES thyroglobulin is measured by --- | enumerate
- RIA - ELISA - immunoradiometric assay
40
# TM - HORMONES associated with adrenal tumors
cortisol
41
# TM - HORMONES associated with **carcinoid tumors** and measured by HPLC
serotonin
42
# TM - HORMONES catecholamines is associated with what cancer/s?
- neuroblastoma - phoechromocytoma - paranganglionoma
43
# TM - SERUM PROTEINS/ IMMUNOGLOBULINS immunoglobulins are blood proteins made by immune system, specifically what cells?
mature B cells
44
# TM - SERUM PROTEINS/ IMMUNOGLOBULINS this diseases produced abnormal antibodies | enumerate
- bone marrow cancer - multiple myeloma - waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia
45
# TM - SERUM PROTEINS/ IMMUNOGLOBULINS what are the proteins associated with melanoma
S-100 and TA-90
46
# TM - SERUM PROTEINS/ IMMUNOGLOBULINS beta-human chorionic gonadotropin is elevated in? | enumerate
- testicular cancer - ovarian cancer - choriocarcinoma - increase in some *mediastinal germ cell tumors*
47
# TM - SERUM PROTEINS/ IMMUNOGLOBULINS NV of beta 2 microglobulin
less than 2.5 mg/L
48
# TM - SERUM PROTEINS/ IMMUNOGLOBULINS beta 2 microglobulin is increase in --- | enumerate
- multiple myeloma - CLL - lymphomas - kidney disease - hepatitis
49
# TM - SERUM PROTEINS/ IMMUNOGLOBULINS protein found on most meloma cells and used to look on melanoma spread before, during, and after treatment
S-100 | increased in **metastatic melanoma**
50
# TM - SERUM PROTEINS/ IMMUNOGLOBULINS this protein found on nucleus of cells greater than 10 u/ml indicates ---
NUCLEAR MATRIX PROTEIN **bladder cancer**
51
# TM - SERUM PROTEINS/ IMMUNOGLOBULINS protein on outer melanoma cells | used to look for spread of melanoma
TA-90
52
# TM - SERUM PROTEINS/ IMMUNOGLOBULINS bladder tumor antigen (BTA) is found in --- which is check along with NMP for recurrence
urine and bladder cancer | reported as **positive** or **negative**
53
# TM - RECEPTOR PROTEINS/GENES hormone receptor/s for **breast cancer tumor**
estrogen and progesterone | reported as **ER positive** and **PR positive**
54
# TM - RECEPTOR PROTEINS/GENES receptor found in cells and helps them grow. this is used to assess the growth of cancer cells and results are reported as (%)
epidermal growth factor receptor (EFGR) - HER 1
55
# TM - RECEPTOR PROTEINS/GENES some lung cancers have defects (mutation) in this gene | identify
epidermal growth factor receptor (EFGR) - **HER 1**
56
# TM - RECEPTOR PROTEINS/GENES increase in breast cancers, stomach cancers
epidermal growth factor receptor (EFGR) - **HER 2**
57
# TM - RECEPTOR PROTEINS/GENES sample used for HER 2
tumor | cancer cells (+) = grow & spread faster
58
# TM - RECEPTOR PROTEINS/GENES gene used in assessing colorectal cancer and used as guide on treatment of colorectal cancer
V-ki-ras2/Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS)
59
# TM - RECEPTOR PROTEINS/GENES BCR-ABL is an abnormal gene marker for --- | most common abnormal gene
Chronic myeloid leuklemia | levels serve as guid to treatment
60
# TM - RECEPTOR PROTEINS/GENES method used in BCR-ABL
PCR
61
# TM Cancer antigens are quantified using?
immunological technique
62
# TM receptor proteins/genes | enumerate the 5
- hormone receptors - epidermal growth factor receptor "HER 1" - HER 2 - V-ki-ras2 | Kirsten rat sacroma viral oncogene homolog - BCR-ABL
63
# TM serum proteins/immunoglobulins | enumerate the 7
- immunoglobulins - beta-human chorionic gonadotropin - S-100 - beta 2 microglobulin - nuclear matrix protein - TA-90 - bladder tumor antigen
64
# TM hormones | enumerate the 11
- calcitonin - ADH - chromogranin A - growth hormone - C-peptide - prolactin - tyroglobulin - catecholamines - cortisol - parathyroid hormone - serotonin
65
# TM enzymes | enumerate the 4
- prostate specific antigen - LDH - neuron specific enolase - alkaline phosphatase

CC2 lab semi finals (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions