electrolytes 2 Flashcards
pH up to last slide
why regulation of H+ is needed?
all activities of almost all enzyme systems are influenced by H+ concentration
H+ concentrations are kept at low levels ___
0.00004 mEq/L
hydrogen concentration is expressed in?
pH units
pH is ___ to the H+ concentration
inversely related
normal pH of arterial blood
7.4
normal pH of venous blood
7.35
single free proton released form a hydrogen atom
hydrogen ion
systems that regulate H+ concentration
- buffer systems
- respiratory regulation
- the kidneys (renal regulation)
limits pH changes when strong acids/bases are introduced
any substance that can reversibly bind h+
buffer
examples of buffer
- bicarbonate
- proteins
- phosphate buffers
main extracellular buffer that is affected by lungs and kidneys
Bicarbonate-Carbonic Acid buffer system
Bicarbonate-Carbonic Acid buffer system is accelerated by?
carbonic anhydrase
Bicarbonate-Carbonic Acid buffer system (formula (?))
CO2 + H2O <—> H2CO3 <—> H+ + HCO3
second line of defense against acid-base disturbances is control of?
extracellular fluid CO2
what mechanism?
alveolar ventilation provides the oxygen needed for oxidative metabolism and eliminates the CO2 produced by metabolic process
respiratory regulation
eliminates CO2 from the ecf reducing the H+ concentreration
hyperventilation
elevates CO2 in the ecf, increasing the H+ concentration
hypoventilation
all variation of body fluid hydrogen ion concentration stimulate the appropriate?
regulatory process in the kidneys
renal regulation
main functions of the renal regulation
- excretion of acids
- retention of bicarbonates
continue to first slide of compensation :)
