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CC2 lab semi finals > electrolytes p1 > Flashcards

electrolytes p1 Flashcards

1
Q

in a 70kg man, total body water is about __ of the body weight

A

60% (about 42 liters)

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2
Q

collective term for fluids outside the cells

what are the compartments?

A

extracellular

compartments:
- interstitial fluid
- plasma

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3
Q

intracellular fluid is approx. ___ of total body water

intracellular is about 28 of the 42 liters of fluid in the body are inside the 100 trillion cells

A

2/3

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4
Q

enumerate the transcellular fluids

A
  • synovial fluid
  • peritoneal fluid
  • pericardial fluid
  • intraocular space
  • cerebrospinal fluid
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5
Q

transcellular fluid together constitute about ___ liters

A

1-2

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6
Q

concentration of solutes dissolved in a solvent and is usually expressed in units of milliosmoles per kilogram of pure water

A

osmolality

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7
Q

ions of capable carrying an electric charge

A

electrolytes

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8
Q

electrolytes based on the type of charge they carry

A

anions - negative
cations - positive

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9
Q

general functions of electrolytes (8)

A
  • volume and osmotic regulation
  • myocardial rhythm and contractility
  • cofactors in enzyme activation
  • regulation of ATP pumps
  • acid-base balance
  • blood coagulation
  • neuromuscular excitability
  • production and use of glucose
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10
Q

major extracellular cation that determines the osmolality of the plasma

A

sodium

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11
Q

the concentration depends on intake and excretion of water and renal regulation of __

A

sodium

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12
Q

enumerate the sodium methodology

A
  • emission flame spectrophotometry
  • ion selective electrode
  • colorimetry - Albanese and Lein
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13
Q

the solution is subjected to a non-luminous flame emitting light with a characteristic wavelength for sodium and the intensity of light emitted is measured which is directly proportional to the concentration of sodium

A

emission flame spectrophotometry

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14
Q

uses a semipermeable membrane to develop a potential produced by having different ion concentrations on either side of the membrane utilizes glass electrode

A

ion selective electrode

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15
Q

sodium is precipitated as sodium uranyl zinc acetate which is then dissolved in water and determined photometrically by its yellow color

A

colorimetry - Albanese and Lein

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16
Q

enumerate the clinical significance of hypernatremia

A
  • diabetes insipidus
  • prolonged diarrhea
  • excessive water loss
  • renal tubular disorder
  • decreased water intake
  • increase sodium intake
  • severe burns
  • fever
  • exposure to heat
  • hypertonic solutions
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17
Q

enumerate the clinical significance of hyponatremia

A
  • diabetes mellitus
  • syndrome of inappropriate ADH
  • increased sodium loss
  • increased vomiting
  • diarrhea
  • increased water
  • potassium deficiency
  • ketonuria
  • Addison’s disease
  • renal failure
  • hepatic cirrhosis
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18
Q

enumerate the clinical significance of pseudohyponatremia

A
  • lipemia
  • hyperproteinemia
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19
Q

potassium is the major intracellular cation usually for ___

A
  • neuromuscular excitability
  • heart contraction
  • enzymatic reactions
  • helps maintain normal movements of intracellular fluid
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20
Q

counter-current ion of sodium

A

potassium

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21
Q

potassium regulation is via?

A

renal function

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22
Q

potassium methodologies

A
  • Flame emission photometry
  • ion selective electrode
  • atomic absorption spectrophotometry
  • colorimetry Lockhead and Purcell method
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23
Q

the sample is subjected to a non-luminous flame which emits light of a characteristics wavelength for potassium. The intensity of the light is directly proportional to the concentration of potassium present in the serum.

identify the method

A

flame emission photometry

24
Q

potassium is precipitate directly from the serum or plasma as potassium sodium cobaltinitrite. the alkaline solution of cobalt in the presence of a trace of amino acid like glycine reduces the folin-ciocalteau reagent to a blue color. the intensity of the color is then measured against a standard.

A

colorimetry LOCKHEAD and PURCELL METHOD

25
Q

enumerate the clinical significance of hyperkalemia

A
  • acidosis
  • decreased renal excretion
  • renal failure
  • extracellular shift
  • leukemia
  • increased intake
  • thrombosis
  • Addison’s disease
  • insulin deficiency
  • blood transfusion
26
Q

enumerate the clinical significance of pseudohyperkalemia

A
  • hemolysis
  • prolonged tourniquet application
  • excessive clenched fist
  • thrombocytosis
27
Q

enumerate the clinical significance of hypokalemia

A
  • alkalosis
  • GIT loss
  • intracellular shift
  • intestinal tumor
  • decreased intake
  • diuretics
  • vomiting
  • diarrhea
  • insulin overdose
28
Q

a major extracellular anion which is an enzyme activator

A

chloride

29
Q

chloride maintains?

A

water balance and osmotic pressure

30
Q

chloride methodologies

A
  • mercurimetric titration
  • ion selective electrode
31
Q

enumerate the mercurimetric titration

A
  • Schales & Schales
  • Spectrophotometric
  • Coulometric Amperometric Titration
32
Q

spectrophotometric utilizes ___ which forms red color

A

Mercuric thiocyanate & ferric ions

33
Q

chloride ions and mercurcy forming undissociated but soluble HgCl2. the end point is obtained when a violet blue color is seen resulting from the combination of the excess Hg with the indicator

A

Schales & Schales

34
Q

enumerate the clinical significance of hyperchloremia (10)

A
  • dehydration
  • nephritis
  • prostatic obstruction
  • anemia
  • hyperventilation
  • hypoproteinemia
  • urinary obstruction
  • increased chloride intake
35
Q

enumerate the clinical significance of hypochloremia

A
  • Addison’s disease
  • Burns
  • Fever
  • intestinal obstruction
  • metallic poisoning
  • pneumonia
  • diarrhea
  • vomiting
  • uremia
36
Q

components of calcium

A
  • ionized 50%
  • protein bound 40%
  • complex with anions 10%
37
Q

calcium is present in bones __ and ECF __

A

bones 99% ECF 1%

38
Q

calcium is for ___

A
  • blood coagulation
  • enzyme activity
  • skeletal mineralization
  • neural transmission
39
Q

calcium methodologies

A
  • chloranilic acid method Ferro-Ham
  • Atomic Absorption Spectro (reference method)
40
Q

the calcium in the sample is precipitated as calcium chloranilate by saturated solution of sodium chloranilate. the excess chloranilic acid is removed by washing the precipitate with isopropyl alcohol and the precipitate is then treated with EDTA, which chelates and releases chloranilic acid

A

chloranilic acid method FERRO-HAM

41
Q

clinical significance of hypercalcemia

A
  • primary hyperparathyroidism
  • acidosis
  • increased vit D
  • hyperthyroidism
  • multiple myeloma
42
Q

clinical significance of hypocalcemia

A
  • hypoparathyroidism
  • vit D deficiency
  • low protein concentration
  • renal disease
  • acute pancreatitis
  • seizures
43
Q

found everywhere from DNA compositions to oxygen affinity of hemoglobin to energy needed by the body

A

inorganic phosphorus

44
Q

inorganic phosphorus is essential for?

A

normal muscle contractility and neurologic function

45
Q

phosphate methodology

A

Fiske Subbarow method

46
Q

ammonium molybdate in an acid medium of serum protein free filtrate forms phospholybdic acid to phosphomolybdous acid with blue molybdenum for photometric measurement

A

Fiske Subbarow method

47
Q

clinical significance of hyperphosphatemia

A
  • hypoparathyroidism
  • increased vit D
  • renal failure
  • increased phosphate intake
  • lymphoblastic leukemia
48
Q

clinical significance of hypophosphatemia

A
  • hyperparathydroidism
  • alcohol abuse
  • low vitamin D
  • diabetic ketoacidosis
  • asthma
  • malignancy
49
Q

an enzyme activator/cofactor

A

magnesium

50
Q

magnesium is for?

A
  • cellular energy metabolism
  • membrane stabilization
  • nerve conduction
  • ion transport
51
Q

magnesium methodologies

A
  • colorimetric
  • atomic absorption spectro
  • dye lake method
  • fluorometric method
52
Q

COLORIMETRIC

magnesium binds calagmite to form ____ (color) complex read at __ nm

A

reddish violet complex read at 532 nm

53
Q

Magnesium ion and gamma-hydroxyl-5-quinolone sulfonic acid form a chelate compound that floresce when excited at wavelength ___.

identify the method

A

FLUOROMETRIC

380-410nm

54
Q

clinical significance of hypermagnesemia

A
  • diabetic coma
  • increased antacid and cathartics
  • hypothyroidism
  • chronic renal failure
  • dehydration
  • Addison’s disease
  • multiple myeloma
  • bone metastases
55
Q

clinical significance of hypomagnesemia

A
  • arrhythmia
  • malnutrition
  • vomiting
  • diarrhea
  • acute renal failure
  • hyperparathyroidism
  • hyperthyroidism
  • chronic alcoholism
  • GIT malabsorption

CC2 lab semi finals (7 decks)

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