electrolytes p1 Flashcards
in a 70kg man, total body water is about __ of the body weight
60% (about 42 liters)
collective term for fluids outside the cells
what are the compartments?
extracellular
compartments:
- interstitial fluid
- plasma
intracellular fluid is approx. ___ of total body water
intracellular is about 28 of the 42 liters of fluid in the body are inside the 100 trillion cells
2/3
enumerate the transcellular fluids
- synovial fluid
- peritoneal fluid
- pericardial fluid
- intraocular space
- cerebrospinal fluid
transcellular fluid together constitute about ___ liters
1-2
concentration of solutes dissolved in a solvent and is usually expressed in units of milliosmoles per kilogram of pure water
osmolality
ions of capable carrying an electric charge
electrolytes
electrolytes based on the type of charge they carry
anions - negative
cations - positive
general functions of electrolytes (8)
- volume and osmotic regulation
- myocardial rhythm and contractility
- cofactors in enzyme activation
- regulation of ATP pumps
- acid-base balance
- blood coagulation
- neuromuscular excitability
- production and use of glucose
major extracellular cation that determines the osmolality of the plasma
sodium
the concentration depends on intake and excretion of water and renal regulation of __
sodium
enumerate the sodium methodology
- emission flame spectrophotometry
- ion selective electrode
- colorimetry - Albanese and Lein
the solution is subjected to a non-luminous flame emitting light with a characteristic wavelength for sodium and the intensity of light emitted is measured which is directly proportional to the concentration of sodium
emission flame spectrophotometry
uses a semipermeable membrane to develop a potential produced by having different ion concentrations on either side of the membrane utilizes glass electrode
ion selective electrode
sodium is precipitated as sodium uranyl zinc acetate which is then dissolved in water and determined photometrically by its yellow color
colorimetry - Albanese and Lein
enumerate the clinical significance of hypernatremia
- diabetes insipidus
- prolonged diarrhea
- excessive water loss
- renal tubular disorder
- decreased water intake
- increase sodium intake
- severe burns
- fever
- exposure to heat
- hypertonic solutions
enumerate the clinical significance of hyponatremia
- diabetes mellitus
- syndrome of inappropriate ADH
- increased sodium loss
- increased vomiting
- diarrhea
- increased water
- potassium deficiency
- ketonuria
- Addison’s disease
- renal failure
- hepatic cirrhosis
enumerate the clinical significance of pseudohyponatremia
- lipemia
- hyperproteinemia
potassium is the major intracellular cation usually for ___
- neuromuscular excitability
- heart contraction
- enzymatic reactions
- helps maintain normal movements of intracellular fluid
counter-current ion of sodium
potassium
potassium regulation is via?
renal function
potassium methodologies
- Flame emission photometry
- ion selective electrode
- atomic absorption spectrophotometry
- colorimetry Lockhead and Purcell method
the sample is subjected to a non-luminous flame which emits light of a characteristics wavelength for potassium. The intensity of the light is directly proportional to the concentration of potassium present in the serum.
identify the method
flame emission photometry
potassium is precipitate directly from the serum or plasma as potassium sodium cobaltinitrite. the alkaline solution of cobalt in the presence of a trace of amino acid like glycine reduces the folin-ciocalteau reagent to a blue color. the intensity of the color is then measured against a standard.
colorimetry LOCKHEAD and PURCELL METHOD
enumerate the clinical significance of hyperkalemia
- acidosis
- decreased renal excretion
- renal failure
- extracellular shift
- leukemia
- increased intake
- thrombosis
- Addison’s disease
- insulin deficiency
- blood transfusion
enumerate the clinical significance of pseudohyperkalemia
- hemolysis
- prolonged tourniquet application
- excessive clenched fist
- thrombocytosis
enumerate the clinical significance of hypokalemia
- alkalosis
- GIT loss
- intracellular shift
- intestinal tumor
- decreased intake
- diuretics
- vomiting
- diarrhea
- insulin overdose
a major extracellular anion which is an enzyme activator
chloride
chloride maintains?
water balance and osmotic pressure
chloride methodologies
- mercurimetric titration
- ion selective electrode
enumerate the mercurimetric titration
- Schales & Schales
- Spectrophotometric
- Coulometric Amperometric Titration
spectrophotometric utilizes ___ which forms red color
Mercuric thiocyanate & ferric ions
chloride ions and mercurcy forming undissociated but soluble HgCl2. the end point is obtained when a violet blue color is seen resulting from the combination of the excess Hg with the indicator
Schales & Schales
enumerate the clinical significance of hyperchloremia (10)
- dehydration
- nephritis
- prostatic obstruction
- anemia
- hyperventilation
- hypoproteinemia
- urinary obstruction
- increased chloride intake
enumerate the clinical significance of hypochloremia
- Addison’s disease
- Burns
- Fever
- intestinal obstruction
- metallic poisoning
- pneumonia
- diarrhea
- vomiting
- uremia
components of calcium
- ionized 50%
- protein bound 40%
- complex with anions 10%
calcium is present in bones __ and ECF __
bones 99% ECF 1%
calcium is for ___
- blood coagulation
- enzyme activity
- skeletal mineralization
- neural transmission
calcium methodologies
- chloranilic acid method Ferro-Ham
- Atomic Absorption Spectro (reference method)
the calcium in the sample is precipitated as calcium chloranilate by saturated solution of sodium chloranilate. the excess chloranilic acid is removed by washing the precipitate with isopropyl alcohol and the precipitate is then treated with EDTA, which chelates and releases chloranilic acid
chloranilic acid method FERRO-HAM
clinical significance of hypercalcemia
- primary hyperparathyroidism
- acidosis
- increased vit D
- hyperthyroidism
- multiple myeloma
clinical significance of hypocalcemia
- hypoparathyroidism
- vit D deficiency
- low protein concentration
- renal disease
- acute pancreatitis
- seizures
found everywhere from DNA compositions to oxygen affinity of hemoglobin to energy needed by the body
inorganic phosphorus
inorganic phosphorus is essential for?
normal muscle contractility and neurologic function
phosphate methodology
Fiske Subbarow method
ammonium molybdate in an acid medium of serum protein free filtrate forms phospholybdic acid to phosphomolybdous acid with blue molybdenum for photometric measurement
Fiske Subbarow method
clinical significance of hyperphosphatemia
- hypoparathyroidism
- increased vit D
- renal failure
- increased phosphate intake
- lymphoblastic leukemia
clinical significance of hypophosphatemia
- hyperparathydroidism
- alcohol abuse
- low vitamin D
- diabetic ketoacidosis
- asthma
- malignancy
an enzyme activator/cofactor
magnesium
magnesium is for?
- cellular energy metabolism
- membrane stabilization
- nerve conduction
- ion transport
magnesium methodologies
- colorimetric
- atomic absorption spectro
- dye lake method
- fluorometric method
COLORIMETRIC
magnesium binds calagmite to form ____ (color) complex read at __ nm
reddish violet complex read at 532 nm
Magnesium ion and gamma-hydroxyl-5-quinolone sulfonic acid form a chelate compound that floresce when excited at wavelength ___.
identify the method
FLUOROMETRIC
380-410nm
clinical significance of hypermagnesemia
- diabetic coma
- increased antacid and cathartics
- hypothyroidism
- chronic renal failure
- dehydration
- Addison’s disease
- multiple myeloma
- bone metastases
clinical significance of hypomagnesemia
- arrhythmia
- malnutrition
- vomiting
- diarrhea
- acute renal failure
- hyperparathyroidism
- hyperthyroidism
- chronic alcoholism
- GIT malabsorption
