electrolytes p1 Flashcards
in a 70kg man, total body water is about __ of the body weight
60% (about 42 liters)
collective term for fluids outside the cells
what are the compartments?
extracellular
compartments:
- interstitial fluid
- plasma
intracellular fluid is approx. ___ of total body water
intracellular is about 28 of the 42 liters of fluid in the body are inside the 100 trillion cells
2/3
enumerate the transcellular fluids
- synovial fluid
- peritoneal fluid
- pericardial fluid
- intraocular space
- cerebrospinal fluid
transcellular fluid together constitute about ___ liters
1-2
concentration of solutes dissolved in a solvent and is usually expressed in units of milliosmoles per kilogram of pure water
osmolality
ions of capable carrying an electric charge
electrolytes
electrolytes based on the type of charge they carry
anions - negative
cations - positive
general functions of electrolytes (8)
- volume and osmotic regulation
- myocardial rhythm and contractility
- cofactors in enzyme activation
- regulation of ATP pumps
- acid-base balance
- blood coagulation
- neuromuscular excitability
- production and use of glucose
major extracellular cation that determines the osmolality of the plasma
sodium
the concentration depends on intake and excretion of water and renal regulation of __
sodium
enumerate the sodium methodology
- emission flame spectrophotometry
- ion selective electrode
- colorimetry - Albanese and Lein
the solution is subjected to a non-luminous flame emitting light with a characteristic wavelength for sodium and the intensity of light emitted is measured which is directly proportional to the concentration of sodium
emission flame spectrophotometry
uses a semipermeable membrane to develop a potential produced by having different ion concentrations on either side of the membrane utilizes glass electrode
ion selective electrode
sodium is precipitated as sodium uranyl zinc acetate which is then dissolved in water and determined photometrically by its yellow color
colorimetry - Albanese and Lein
enumerate the clinical significance of hypernatremia
- diabetes insipidus
- prolonged diarrhea
- excessive water loss
- renal tubular disorder
- decreased water intake
- increase sodium intake
- severe burns
- fever
- exposure to heat
- hypertonic solutions
enumerate the clinical significance of hyponatremia
- diabetes mellitus
- syndrome of inappropriate ADH
- increased sodium loss
- increased vomiting
- diarrhea
- increased water
- potassium deficiency
- ketonuria
- Addison’s disease
- renal failure
- hepatic cirrhosis
enumerate the clinical significance of pseudohyponatremia
- lipemia
- hyperproteinemia
potassium is the major intracellular cation usually for ___
- neuromuscular excitability
- heart contraction
- enzymatic reactions
- helps maintain normal movements of intracellular fluid
counter-current ion of sodium
potassium
potassium regulation is via?
renal function
potassium methodologies
- Flame emission photometry
- ion selective electrode
- atomic absorption spectrophotometry
- colorimetry Lockhead and Purcell method
the sample is subjected to a non-luminous flame which emits light of a characteristics wavelength for potassium. The intensity of the light is directly proportional to the concentration of potassium present in the serum.
identify the method
flame emission photometry
potassium is precipitate directly from the serum or plasma as potassium sodium cobaltinitrite. the alkaline solution of cobalt in the presence of a trace of amino acid like glycine reduces the folin-ciocalteau reagent to a blue color. the intensity of the color is then measured against a standard.
colorimetry LOCKHEAD and PURCELL METHOD
