Enzymology part 2 (liver) Flashcards
liver weighs about
1.2 - 1.5 kg
cells in the liver
hepatocytes and Kupffer cells
functions of the liver (6)
- excretory
- secretory
- synthetic function
- detoxification
- drug metabolism
- storage
liver is divided by
falciparum ligament
laboratory for liver
- bilirubin measurement
- serum enzymes
- PT and APTT
kupffer cells is also known as the ___
macrophage
liberates inorganic phosphate form organic esters with the concominant production of alcohol
alkaline phosphatase
alkaline phosphatase also known as?
alkaline orthophospheric monoester phosphohydrolase
activators of ALP
magnesium and manganese
is ALP specific or not?
it is non-specific since it has a lot of major sources
pH of alkaline phosphatase
9.0 - 10.5
major sources of ALP
LKPINSP
- liver
- kidneys
- placenta
- intestine
- spleen
- bone
ALP is elevated in?
- osteoblastic in kids during growth
- > 50 yrs old
- pregnancy (19-18 weeks)
clinical significance of alkaline phosphatase
- obstructive jaundice
- pregnancy
- Paget’s disease
- rickets
- bone cancer
- other bone disease
ALP methods
- electrophoresis
- heat stability
- chemical inhibition
normal isoenzymes in ALP during electrophoresis
- liver
- bone
- placental
- intestinal
abnormal isoenzymes in ALP during eletrophoresis
regan and nagao
regan and nagao are seen in ___ or __
cancers or carcino placental disorders
ALP sources during heat stability and identify which is the most stable?
- placental
- intestinal
- liver
- bone
what are tested in ALP during chemical inhibition
- phenylalanine
- 3M urea
- L-leucine
- Levamisole
this inhibits placental, intestinal, and regan
phenylalanine
this inhibits bone ALP
3M urea
this inhibits the nagao
L-leucine
this inhibits the liver and bone
levamisole
enumerate the methods and substrate for this product:
inorganic phosphate glycerol
Methods:
- Bodansky
- Shinowara
- Jones
- Reinhart
substrate: B-glycero phosphate
enumerate the methods and substrate for this product:
phenol
Methods:
- King
- Armstrong
substrate:phenylphosphate
enumerate the method and substrate for this product:
p-nitrophenol
- Bessy
- Lowry
- Brock
- Bowers
- McComb
substrate: P-nitrophenyl phosphate
aspartate aminotransferase main function:
transfer of amino group between ____ and ___ resulting in oxaloacetate and glutamate.
transfer of amino group between aspartate and alpha keto acids resulting in oxaloacetate and glutamate.
major sources of AST
- liver
- cardiac muscles
- skeletal muscles
other sources of AST
kidney, pancreas, RBCs
clinical significance of AST
HSGRA
- hepatocellular disorders
- skeletal muscle injury
- gangrene
- reye’s syndrome
- AMI
AST of AMI
elevates:
peaks:
normalize:
elevates: 6-8 after onset
peaks: 24 hrs
normalize: 5 days
AST methods
karmen method and reitman frankel
utilizes malate dehydrogenase to monitor change in absorbance at 340 nm
karmen method
AST
pH of karmen method
7.3 - 7.8
main function of alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
transfer of amino group from alanine to alpha-ketoglutarate (protein metabolism)
alanine aminotransferase also known as
serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT)
which is more specific ALT or AST
ALT - abundant in the liver
other sources of ALT
KPRHSL
- kidney
- pancreas
- RBC
- heart
- skeletal muscles
- lungs
clinical significance of ALT
- elevated in hepatic disorders
- monitor course of hepatitis treatment
- used to screen blood donors
ALT method
- coupled enzymatic methods
coupled enzymatic method for ALT uses what enzyme?
LDH
pH of coupled enzymatic method
7.3 - 7.8
what is the product?
Pyruvate + NADH + H – LDH
Lactate + NAD
what is the product
Alanine + alpha ketoglutarate — ALT
Pyruvate + glutamate
catalyzes the glutamyl groups between peptides through linkage at a gamma carboxyl group
gamma glutamyl transferase
gamma glutamyl transferase also known as?
gamma glutamyl transpeptidase or gamma glutamyl transaminase peptidase
a sensitive indicator of alcoholism
gamma glutamyl transpeptidase
gamma glutamyl transferase
high sensitivity for test of alcoholism other than ALT
major sources of gamma glutamyl transferase
HKPPB
- hepatic cells
- kidney
- prostate
- pancreas
- brain
clinical significance of gamma glutamyl transferase
HAD
- hepatic disorders
- alcoholism
- drug overdose
GGT method and absorbance
spectrophotometric method
absorbance: 405 nm
what is the product of the GGT spectrophotometric method?
gamma glutamyl-p-nitroaniline -> p-nitroaniline
catalyzes the hydrolysis of most ribonucleoside 5’ - monophosphate and deoxynucleoside 5’ - monophosphate to the corresponding nucleoside and orthophosphate
5’ nucleotidase
which enzyme does not undergo protein metabolism?
5’ nucleotidase
5’ nucleotidase also known as?
Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolase
marker of hepatobiliary disease and infiltrative lesions of the liver
5’ nucleotidase
5’ nucleotidase method
spectrophotometry
a prostatic enzyme which catalyzes the hydrolysis of several orthophosphoric monoesters to yield the corresponding alcohol and inorganic phosphate
acid phosphatase
optimum pH of acid phosphatase
4.4 - 7.0
this enzyme is used as a marker in medicolegal cases
acid phosphatase
acid phosphatase also known as?
acid orthophosphoric monoester phosphohydrolase
major sources of acid phosphatase
- prostate
- liver
- kidneys
- rbc
- platelets
- osteoclastic cells
clinical significance of acid phosphatase
PMNOHGCPH
- prostatic
- marker of prostatic carcinoma
- non-prostatic
- osteoclastic
- hematologic
- granulocytic leukemia
- chronic lymphocytic leukemia
- plasma cell leukemia
- hairy cell leukemia
enumerate the non-prostatic diseases that utilizes the enzyme acid phosphatase
- Gaucher’s disease
- Niemann-pick disease
enumerate the osteoclastic diseases that utilizes the enzyme acid phosphatase
- hyperthyroidism
- Paget’s disease
- multiple myeloma
enumerate the ACP methods
Acid Phosphatase
- Bodansky method
- King-Armstrong
- Bessey-Lowry-Brock
- Roy and Hillman
- Babson, Read and Philips
reference method for ALP
Bessy, Lowry, Brock, Bowers, McComb
subtrate: P-nitrophenyl phosphate
product: P-nitrophenol
normal values for ALP
30-90 u/L
coenzyme for ALT
vitamin B6
this enzyme is used to monitor the change in absorbance of karmen method in AST
malate dehydrogenase
