Enzymology part 2 (liver) Flashcards
1
Q
liver weighs about
A
1.2 - 1.5 kg
2
Q
cells in the liver
A
hepatocytes and Kupffer cells
3
Q
functions of the liver (6)
A
- excretory
- secretory
- synthetic function
- detoxification
- drug metabolism
- storage
4
Q
liver is divided by
A
falciparum ligament
5
Q
laboratory for liver
A
- bilirubin measurement
- serum enzymes
- PT and APTT
5
Q
kupffer cells is also known as the ___
A
macrophage
6
Q
liberates inorganic phosphate form organic esters with the concominant production of alcohol
A
alkaline phosphatase
7
Q
alkaline phosphatase also known as?
A
alkaline orthophospheric monoester phosphohydrolase
8
Q
activators of ALP
A
magnesium and manganese
9
Q
is ALP specific or not?
A
it is non-specific since it has a lot of major sources
10
Q
pH of alkaline phosphatase
A
9.0 - 10.5
11
Q
major sources of ALP
LKPINSP
A
- liver
- kidneys
- placenta
- intestine
- spleen
- bone
12
Q
ALP is elevated in?
A
- osteoblastic in kids during growth
- > 50 yrs old
- pregnancy (19-18 weeks)
13
Q
clinical significance of alkaline phosphatase
A
- obstructive jaundice
- pregnancy
- Paget’s disease
- rickets
- bone cancer
- other bone disease
14
Q
ALP methods
A
- electrophoresis
- heat stability
- chemical inhibition
15
Q
normal isoenzymes in ALP during electrophoresis
A
- liver
- bone
- placental
- intestinal
16
Q
abnormal isoenzymes in ALP during eletrophoresis
A
regan and nagao
17
Q
regan and nagao are seen in ___ or __
A
cancers or carcino placental disorders
18
Q
ALP sources during heat stability and identify which is the most stable?
A
- placental
- intestinal
- liver
- bone
19
Q
what are tested in ALP during chemical inhibition
A
- phenylalanine
- 3M urea
- L-leucine
- Levamisole
20
Q
this inhibits placental, intestinal, and regan
A
phenylalanine
21
Q
this inhibits bone ALP
A
3M urea
22
Q
this inhibits the nagao
A
L-leucine
23
Q
this inhibits the liver and bone
A
levamisole
24
enumerate the methods and substrate for this product:
**inorganic phosphate glycerol**
Methods:
- Bodansky
- Shinowara
- Jones
- Reinhart
substrate: **B-glycero phosphate**
25
enumerate the methods and substrate for this product:
**phenol**
Methods:
- King
- Armstrong
substrate:**phenylphosphate**
26
enumerate the method and substrate for this product:
**p-nitrophenol**
- Bessy
- Lowry
- Brock
- Bowers
- McComb
substrate: **P-nitrophenyl phosphate**
26
**aspartate aminotransferase main function:**
transfer of amino group between ____ and ___ resulting in oxaloacetate and glutamate.
transfer of amino group between **aspartate and alpha keto acids** resulting in oxaloacetate and glutamate.
27
major sources of AST
- liver
- cardiac muscles
- skeletal muscles
28
other sources of AST
kidney, pancreas, RBCs
29
clinical significance of AST
| HSGRA
- hepatocellular disorders
- skeletal muscle injury
- gangrene
- reye's syndrome
- AMI
30
AST of AMI
elevates:
peaks:
normalize:
elevates: 6-8 after onset
peaks: 24 hrs
normalize: 5 days
31
AST methods
karmen method and reitman frankel
32
utilizes malate dehydrogenase to monitor change in absorbance at 340 nm
karmen method
| AST
33
pH of karmen method
7.3 - 7.8
34
main function of alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
transfer of amino group from **alanine to alpha-ketoglutarate** (protein metabolism)
35
alanine aminotransferase also known as
serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT)
36
which is more specific ALT or AST
ALT - abundant in the liver
37
other sources of ALT
| KPRHSL
- kidney
- pancreas
- RBC
- heart
- skeletal muscles
- lungs
38
clinical significance of ALT
- elevated in hepatic disorders
- monitor course of hepatitis treatment
- used to screen blood donors
39
ALT method
- coupled enzymatic methods
40
coupled enzymatic method for ALT uses what enzyme?
LDH
41
pH of coupled enzymatic method
7.3 - 7.8
42
what is the product?
Pyruvate + NADH + H -- LDH
Lactate + NAD
43
what is the product
Alanine + alpha ketoglutarate --- ALT
Pyruvate + glutamate
44
catalyzes the glutamyl groups between peptides through linkage at a gamma carboxyl group
gamma glutamyl transferase
45
gamma glutamyl transferase also known as?
gamma glutamyl transpeptidase or gamma glutamyl transaminase peptidase
46
a sensitive indicator of alcoholism
**gamma glutamyl transpeptidase**
**gamma glutamyl transferase**
high sensitivity for test of alcoholism other than ALT
47
major sources of gamma glutamyl transferase
| HKPPB
- hepatic cells
- kidney
- prostate
- pancreas
- brain
48
clinical significance of gamma glutamyl transferase
| HAD
- hepatic disorders
- alcoholism
- drug overdose
49
GGT method and absorbance
**spectrophotometric method**
absorbance: 405 nm
50
what is the product of the GGT spectrophotometric method?
gamma glutamyl-p-nitroaniline -> **p-nitroaniline**
51
catalyzes the hydrolysis of most ribonucleoside 5' - monophosphate and deoxynucleoside 5' - monophosphate to the corresponding nucleoside and orthophosphate
5' nucleotidase
52
which enzyme does not undergo protein metabolism?
5' nucleotidase
53
5' nucleotidase also known as?
**Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolase**
54
marker of hepatobiliary disease and infiltrative lesions of the liver
5' nucleotidase
55
5' nucleotidase method
spectrophotometry
56
a prostatic enzyme which catalyzes the hydrolysis of several orthophosphoric monoesters to yield the corresponding alcohol and inorganic phosphate
acid phosphatase
57
optimum pH of acid phosphatase
4.4 - 7.0
58
this enzyme is used as a marker in medicolegal cases
acid phosphatase
59
acid phosphatase also known as?
acid orthophosphoric monoester phosphohydrolase
60
major sources of acid phosphatase
- prostate
- liver
- kidneys
- rbc
- platelets
- osteoclastic cells
61
clinical significance of acid phosphatase
| PMNOHGCPH
- prostatic
- marker of prostatic carcinoma
- non-prostatic
- osteoclastic
- hematologic
- granulocytic leukemia
- chronic lymphocytic leukemia
- plasma cell leukemia
- hairy cell leukemia
62
enumerate the *non-prostatic diseases* that utilizes the enzyme acid phosphatase
- Gaucher's disease
- Niemann-pick disease
63
enumerate the osteoclastic diseases that utilizes the enzyme acid phosphatase
- hyperthyroidism
- Paget's disease
- multiple myeloma
64
enumerate the ACP methods
| Acid Phosphatase
- Bodansky method
- King-Armstrong
- Bessey-Lowry-Brock
- Roy and Hillman
- Babson, Read and Philips
65
reference method for ALP
**Bessy, Lowry, Brock, Bowers, McComb**
subtrate: *P-nitrophenyl phosphate*
product: *P-nitrophenol*
66
normal values for ALP
30-90 u/L
67
coenzyme for ALT
vitamin B6
68
this enzyme is used to monitor the change in absorbance of karmen method in AST
malate dehydrogenase
