endo 1 Flashcards
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general functions of endo
enumerate
endocrinology is the study of hormones
- regulatory: constancy of chemicals
- morphogenesis: growth/development
- integrative: sense of emotion
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endocrine glands release hormones to blood by —
diffusion
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endocrine glands could be strictly endocrine or organs that have hormone production as one of its function.
true or false
endocrine is a ductless glands
TRUE
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lomg distance chemical signals
hormone
hormone is fast-acting.
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hormone is from the greek word hormon means —
to set in motion
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hormones are secreted by cells to?
extracellular fluid
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hormone regulat metabolic functions by —
enumerate
- provide changes in membrane permeability
- stimulate protein synthesis
- regulatory molecules
- activate or deactivate enzyme
- induce secretory activity
- stimulate mitosis
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enumerate the stimulus
- humoral stimulus
- hormonal stimulus
- neural stimulus
ENDO 1
this stimulus is released because of criticial levels of ions/nutrients
humoral stimulus
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this stimulus is released caused by neural input
neural stimulus
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this stimulus is released caused by another hormone
hormonal stimulus
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action categories
enumerate (8)
- endocrine
- paracrine
- autocrine
- juxtacrine
- exocrine
- neurocrine
- neuroendocrine
- neurotransmission
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chemical categories
enumerate (3)
- steroids
- polypeptides
- amino acid derived
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enters circulation and binds specific cells at distant site to elicit response
synthesize in one location
endocrine
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enters intersitital spaces and binds specific receptor in adjacent gland for its effect. this is synthesized in?
paracrine
synthesized in endocrine cells
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enters in interstitial space and binds specific receptor cell of the origin to autoregulate its function
synthesized in endocrine cells
autocrine
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this remains associated with plasma membrane and acts on adjacent receptor by direct cell to cell
juxtacrine
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enumerate the action categories that are synthesized in the endocrine cells
- paracrine
- autocrine
- juxtacrine
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action catgories that are synthesized in nerve endings
enumerate
- neuroendocrine
- neurotransmission
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thisi s released to lumen of gut, binds to cells of gut
exocrine
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this moves to extracellular space, binds to receptors in nearby cells for its action and it is synthesized in —
neurocrine
synthesized in neurons
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this enters the circulation, interacts with receptor of cells of distant sites, synthesized in —
neuroendocrine
synthezied in nerve endings
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crosses synapse and binds to receptors in another neuron affecting its action
synthesized in nerve endings
neurotransmission
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half life of steroids
60 - 100 mins
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precursor of steroid hormones
cholesterol
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hydrophobic (non-water soluble)
this refers to —
steroids
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examples of steroids
enumerate
- cortisol
- progesterone
- estrogen
- testosterone
- aldosterone
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half life of polypeptides
5 - 60 mins
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steroids are water soluble so it circulate freely and secreted only when needed
true or false
FALSE, steroids are non-water soluble
polypeptides
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examples of polypeptides
enumerate
- PTH
- insulin
- LH
- FSH
- TSH
- TRH
- ACTH
- Prolactin
- GH
- Calcitonin
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polypeptides circulate freely and is bound to proteins
true or false
TRUE
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examples of amino acid derived
enumerate
- epinephrine
- norepinephrine
- T3
- T4
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mechanism of hormone action
enumerate
- cell surface receptors
- nuclear receptors
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this receptor produce changes in membrane permeability which stimulate synthesis of proteins or regulatory molecules
cell surface receptors
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nuclear receptors induce secretory activity and stimulate mitosis
true or false
FALSE
cell surface receptors
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this receptor can activate or deactivate enzymes
cell surface receptors
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this receptor diffuse into the cell, where it binds to intracellular receptors, migrate to nucleus and activate specific target sequences of DNA
nuclear receptors
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cyclal patterns of hormone release
biorhythms
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enumerate the biorythms of hormone
- circadian/diurnal
- infradian
- ultradian
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cyclal patterns of hormone release: occur over a period of time greater than 24 hrs
infradian
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cells must have receptors for hormones, this refers to —
target cell specificity
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hormone concentraction is controlled by —
enumerate
- rate of production/synthesis
- efficiency of delivery
- metabolism
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some peptide hormones are produced by cleavage/break-up from large proteins, this refers to —
rate of production/synthesis
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hydrophilic, no need of carrier and usually in low concentractions. this refers to —
identify (efficiency of delivery)
proteins
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proteins are hydrophilic except GH — insulin-like growth factors and neuropophysis
true or false
TRUE
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when it comes to the efficiency of delivery, these are hydrophobic, from cholesterol and needs a carrier protein. this refers to —
steroids
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interaction of hormones to target cells
enumerate
- permissiveness
- synergism
- antagonism
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when 1 hormone cannot exert its full effect, without another hormone being present. this refers to what interaction fo hormones?
permissiveness
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this interaction refers to more than one hormone produce same effects on target cells
synergism
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this interaction of hormone refers to one hormone opposes the action of another hormone
antagonism
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target cell specificity:
response depends on —
enumerate
- blood levels of hormones
- number of receptors
- affinity of receptors to hormones