Tumor Behaviour And Spread

Question 0

Nuclear hyperchromatism

Answer 0

Increased DNA

Dark staining nuclei

Question 1

Pleomorphism

Answer 1

Cellular pleomorphism-> variation in size and shape of cells in tumour
Nuclear pleomorphism-> variation in size and shape of nuclei

Question 2

Cytology of beginning tumours

Answer 2

Invariable well differentiated 
No:
Pleomorphism
High nucleus to cytoplasm ratio
Nuclear hyperchromatism
High mitotic count
Abnormal mitoses

Question 3

Malignant cytology

Answer 3

Variable differentiation 
Pleomorphism
High nucleus to cytoplasm ratio
Nuclear hypechromatism
High mitotic count
Abnormal mitosis

Question 4

Dysplasia

Answer 4

Cells that show and increased rate of cell division and incomplete maturation 
Abnormal cell structure due to:
Loss of differentiation
Pleomorphism
Nuclear hyperchromatism 
High nucleus to cytoplasm ratio
High mitotic activity 
Normally mans invasive behaviour. 
Although not always invasion through basement membrane-> carcinoma in situ or intra epithelial neoplasia
Can regress

Question 5

Local spread of malignant tumours

Answer 5

Direct growth in to adjacent tissues or along natural tissue planes such as nerves

Question 6

Lymphatic spread of malignancies

Answer 6

Invade lumen of lymph
Bits break off and embolism further down
Usually in lymph nodes
Proliferate until node is replaced by tumour

Question 7

Vascular spread of metastasis

Answer 7

Via veins draining the primary lesion
Or invades wall of small blood vessel
Embolism in small vessels
Common sites-> brain+CSF, lung, liver, adrenals, bone

Question 8

Transcoelomic spread of metastasis

Answer 8

Primary tumours in abdo of thorax can spread directly across coelomic spaces by seeding cells which the migrate to the surface of other organs

Question 9

Likely sites of metastasis

Answer 9

Bone metastasis often from-> breast, bronchus, kidney, thyroid, prostate
Liver metastasis-> GI tract, pancreas, breast, bronchus, kidney
Lung->tumours outside the gastrointestinal tract
Adrenals->lung and breast
Brain->stomach

Question 10

Effects of benign tumours

Answer 10

Bleeding
Obstruction
Hormonal secretion
Conversion to malignant
Cachexia

Question 11

Effects of malignant tumours

Answer 11

Cachexia

Obliteration of vital organ or system