Cancer Genetcis: A Clinical Perspective Flashcards

0
Q

Variable expression of a gene

A

A mutation in a single cancer gene can predispose to different tumours in the same individual

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1
Q

Risk of genetic predisposition to cancer in common tumours

A

5-10% if breast cancer cases due to highly penetrant germ line mutations in cancer predispositions genes
-> up to half of these will have a mutation in BRCA1 and BRCA2
1% of colorectal cancer cases due to mutation in APC
5% of colorectal cancers due to mutations in one of the HNPCC genes

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2
Q

Age related penetrance

A

It takes time for an individual to accumulate the other hits necessary to cause a tumour

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3
Q

Genes that can be inherited:

A

Proto oncogenes-> action can positively promote cell proliferation
Tumour suppressor-> inhibit cell proliferation
Mutator genes-> maintain the integrity of the genome

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4
Q

Syndromes caused by mutations in proto oncogenes

A

RET-> multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2
-> medullary thyroid cancer 90%
-> parathyroid tumours 20-30%
MET-> hereditary papillary renal carcinoma

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5
Q

Syndromes caused by mutations in tumour suppressor genes

A
TP53-> Li-Fraumeni syndrome
-> young onset cancers
-> particularly sarcoma and breast
BRAC1/2-> breast and ovarian cancer
APC-> familial adenoma tours Polyposis coli
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6
Q

BRAC1

A

Mutation on chromosome 17
Cumulative risk of breast and ovarian cancer
Risk increases with age
Also contra lateral tumour risk-> prostate cancer
Same with BRAC2 but lower cumulative risk
Other cancers-> prostate, pancreatic, male breast

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7
Q

Familial adenomatous Polyposis coli

A

APC gene
Greater than 100 colorectal adenomatous polyps
Or
Fewer than 100 polyps and an FRR with FAP
50% of patients age 16 have polyps
If untreated get colorectal cancer by 39
Other cancers-> thyroid, liver, duodenum, pancreas

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8
Q

Knudsons two hit hypothesis

A

Gene mutations may be acquired during a persons life
-> a cell can only initiate a tumour when it contains 2 mutant alleles-> sporadic tumour
Or
1st mutant allele is inherited (present in all cells)aH 2nd mutation srises in a somatic cell in the organ which the tumour develops-> tumour only develops when the second mutation occurs> hereditary tumour

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9
Q

Syndromes causes by mutations in mismatch repair genes

A

hMLH1 and hMSH2-> colorectal, endometrial, ovarian, ureteric or enable pelvis and brain-> hereditary non-Polyposis colorectal cancer
Can’t fix mutations
-> deletion mutation-> APC-> increased cell growth
-> K-Ras-> adenoma
-> LOH-> PCC
-> TP53-> carcinoma
-> NM23-> metastasis

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10
Q

Clinical risk guidelines

A

High-> surveillance indicated-> secondary care-> gene testing
Moderate-> surveillance indicated-> secondary care
Low-> surveillance not indicated
General pop risk

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11
Q

Familial cancer predisposition

A

Early onset tumours
Multiple tumours in close relatives
Multiple tumours within an individual
Cluster of different tumours in a recognisable pattern

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12
Q

Pedigree risk assessment

A

4 relative with breast or ovarian cancer-> high risk including males
One relative with both counts as two people
Cervical cancer unconnected
1 relative over 40-> low risk
Test for other cancers
Sarcoma+breast-> Li-fraumeni
Ovarian+endometrial-> HNPCC
4 relatives with bowel cancer-> high risk HNPCC or FAD

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13
Q

Breast cancer clinical risk categorisation

A

Low risk-> less 2x pop risk
Moderate-> 2-3x pop risk
High-> 3x pop risk
Assigned by number of relatives with B/Ca and the age they got it

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14
Q

Bowel cancer clinical risk categorisation

A

Low-> 1 in 10
Moderate-> 1 in 6 to 1 in 10
High-> 1 in 6
Count relatives, check ages

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15
Q

Uncommon cancer predisposition syndromes

A

Unusual tumours at young ages
Von hipple-lindau syndroms
Haemongioblastomas
Renal cell Ca, multiple renal cysts, phaecochromocytoma
Multiple pancreatic cyts, pancreatic tumours
Autosomal dominant
Birth incidence 1 in 36,000

16
Q

Structure of family history services

A

GP and clinical-> family history risk assessment

  • > low-> discharge
  • > moderate-> screening clinic
  • > high-> clinical genetics
17
Q

Assessment in family history clinic

A

Take pedigree
Confirm family history
Confirm diagnosis in affected relatives

18
Q

Risk modification strategies

A

Surveillance
Prophylactic surgery and/or chemo prevention
Diagnostic and predictive molecular genetic testing

19
Q

Surveillance breast cancer

A

Mammography 40 to 50 and NBSP
MRI scanning from 35-50
Ovarian screening via translational ultra sound and CA125 annually

20
Q

Management in FAB

A

Annual flexible sigmoidoscopy from 11-15
Once polyps identified, discuss prophylactic colectomy
Annual rectal stump surveillance
Upper GI endoscopy from 25

21
Q

HNPCC management

A

1-2 yearly colonoscopy from 25-65
Endometrial and ovarian surveillance
2 yearly upper GI endoscopy from 50-75
Annual urine cytology if FH transitional cell carcinoma from 30-60

22
Q

Prophylactic surgery in BRAC1 and BRAC2

A

Prophylactic mastectomy
Prophylactic salpingo-oompherectomy
Reduces risk of Fallopian tube malignancies

23
Q

Chemo prevention in BRAC1 and 2

A

Oral contraception
-> may increase BR CA risk in >35
-> reduce ovarian cancer risk
Tamoxifen -> studies found no benefit

24
Q

Treatment in HNPCC

A

NSAIDS and progesterone IUD being investigated

Prophylactic surgery

25
Q

Diagnostic mutation analysis and predictive genetic testing

A

Need living relative or stored DNA
Referral of patients at 50% risk with known family mutation
Confirm mutation in affected relative
-> predictive testing

26
Q

Breast and ovarian cancer moderate risk

A

3 relatives -> 3 fdr or sdr with breast cancer at an average age of over 60
-> 1 fdr or sdr with ovarian cancer and 2 fdr or sdr with breast average age over 60
2 relatives-> one fdr and one fdr or sdr average age over 50 breast
-> one ovarian and one breast over 50
-> one fdr or sdr with bilateral breast and one breast over 60
1 relative-> with breast under 40 or male breast or bilateral over 50

27
Q

Breast and ovarian cancer high risk

A

4 or more-> breast or ovarian any age
3 relatives-> 3 with breast under 60
-> 1 with ovarian and 2 with breast under 60
-> I male breast and 2 with breast under 60
2 relatives-> one fdr and one fdr or sdr with breast under 50 or ovarian at any age
-> one ovarian and one breast under 50
-> one bilateral and one breast under 60
-> one male and one breast under 60

28
Q

Colorectal moderate risk

A

1 relative-> 1 fdr with colorectal under 45
2 relatives-> 2 fdr with colorectal 50-70
-> 1 fdr and 1 sdr with colorectal under 70

29
Q

High risk colorectal cancer

A

2 relatives-> 2 fdr colorectal under 50

3 relatives-> 3 fdr or sdr with colorectal on same side of family