Cancer Genetcis: A Clinical Perspective Flashcards
Variable expression of a gene
A mutation in a single cancer gene can predispose to different tumours in the same individual
Risk of genetic predisposition to cancer in common tumours
5-10% if breast cancer cases due to highly penetrant germ line mutations in cancer predispositions genes
-> up to half of these will have a mutation in BRCA1 and BRCA2
1% of colorectal cancer cases due to mutation in APC
5% of colorectal cancers due to mutations in one of the HNPCC genes
Age related penetrance
It takes time for an individual to accumulate the other hits necessary to cause a tumour
Genes that can be inherited:
Proto oncogenes-> action can positively promote cell proliferation
Tumour suppressor-> inhibit cell proliferation
Mutator genes-> maintain the integrity of the genome
Syndromes caused by mutations in proto oncogenes
RET-> multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2
-> medullary thyroid cancer 90%
-> parathyroid tumours 20-30%
MET-> hereditary papillary renal carcinoma
Syndromes caused by mutations in tumour suppressor genes
TP53-> Li-Fraumeni syndrome -> young onset cancers -> particularly sarcoma and breast BRAC1/2-> breast and ovarian cancer APC-> familial adenoma tours Polyposis coli
BRAC1
Mutation on chromosome 17
Cumulative risk of breast and ovarian cancer
Risk increases with age
Also contra lateral tumour risk-> prostate cancer
Same with BRAC2 but lower cumulative risk
Other cancers-> prostate, pancreatic, male breast
Familial adenomatous Polyposis coli
APC gene
Greater than 100 colorectal adenomatous polyps
Or
Fewer than 100 polyps and an FRR with FAP
50% of patients age 16 have polyps
If untreated get colorectal cancer by 39
Other cancers-> thyroid, liver, duodenum, pancreas
Knudsons two hit hypothesis
Gene mutations may be acquired during a persons life
-> a cell can only initiate a tumour when it contains 2 mutant alleles-> sporadic tumour
Or
1st mutant allele is inherited (present in all cells)aH 2nd mutation srises in a somatic cell in the organ which the tumour develops-> tumour only develops when the second mutation occurs> hereditary tumour
Syndromes causes by mutations in mismatch repair genes
hMLH1 and hMSH2-> colorectal, endometrial, ovarian, ureteric or enable pelvis and brain-> hereditary non-Polyposis colorectal cancer
Can’t fix mutations
-> deletion mutation-> APC-> increased cell growth
-> K-Ras-> adenoma
-> LOH-> PCC
-> TP53-> carcinoma
-> NM23-> metastasis
Clinical risk guidelines
High-> surveillance indicated-> secondary care-> gene testing
Moderate-> surveillance indicated-> secondary care
Low-> surveillance not indicated
General pop risk
Familial cancer predisposition
Early onset tumours
Multiple tumours in close relatives
Multiple tumours within an individual
Cluster of different tumours in a recognisable pattern
Pedigree risk assessment
4 relative with breast or ovarian cancer-> high risk including males
One relative with both counts as two people
Cervical cancer unconnected
1 relative over 40-> low risk
Test for other cancers
Sarcoma+breast-> Li-fraumeni
Ovarian+endometrial-> HNPCC
4 relatives with bowel cancer-> high risk HNPCC or FAD
Breast cancer clinical risk categorisation
Low risk-> less 2x pop risk
Moderate-> 2-3x pop risk
High-> 3x pop risk
Assigned by number of relatives with B/Ca and the age they got it
Bowel cancer clinical risk categorisation
Low-> 1 in 10
Moderate-> 1 in 6 to 1 in 10
High-> 1 in 6
Count relatives, check ages