Lymphomas, Brain Tumours, Embrynal Tumours And Terestomas

Question 0

Leukaemias definition

Answer 0

Neoplastic proliferations of cells of haemopoietic bone marrow

Question 1

Lymphoma definition

Answer 1

Neoplastic proliferations of lymphoid cells of various types

Question 2

Classification and nomenclature

Answer 2

Hodgkin's disease 
Or
Non Hodgkin's disease 
- most common
-most important-> lymphocytic lymphomas

Question 3

Clinical feature and behaviour of lymphomas

Answer 3

Most present with lymphadenopathy-> lymph node enlargement localised or general
May also infiltrate liver-> hepatomegaly, spleen-> Splenomegally or bone marrow-> marrow replacement with haematological consequences)
Infiltrate other organs-> bad prognosis
The more lymph nodes and organs involved the worse the prognosis

Question 4

Types of Hodgkin’s disease

Answer 4

Defined by microscopy
Nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin’s-> good
Classical Hodgkin’s:
-> lymphocyte rich-> good
-> mixed cellularity-> average
-> nodular sclerosing Hodgkin’s-> mixed cellularity but different architecture-> average
-> lymphocyte depleted-> bad ->most common

Question 5

Types of cells present in Hodgkin’s

Answer 5

Neoplastic cell in classical Hodgkin’s-> Reed-Sternberg cell
Other cells present-< lymphocytes with some eosinophils and fibroblasts

Question 6

Lymphocytic lymphoma

Answer 6

B cell lymphoma low grade (differentiated) or high grade
T cell lymphoma low or high grade
Most common T affects the skin-) rashly

Question 7

Myeloma

Answer 7

Tumour of mature plasma cells
Presents with bone tumours
Osteolytic
Painful
Systemic effects

Question 8

Brain tumours

Answer 8

Most common primary tumours at derived from glial cells
-> astrocytes, oligodenrocytes, ependymal cells
Astrocytomas are most common

Question 9

Astrocytomas

Answer 9

All behave in a malignant way-> local invasion but don’t metastasise
Graded by differentiation, grade 4 worst

Question 10

Embryonal tumours

Answer 10

Derived from primitive Embryonal blastic tissue
Blastomas
Nephroblastoma-> wilms tumour-> kidney
Neuralblastoma-> adrenal gland-> derived from primitive Adana medullary precursors
Retinoblastomas
Medulloblastoma
Hepatoblastoma

Question 11

Teratomas

Answer 11

Tumours derived from primitive germ cells

Retain the capacity to differentiate along all 3 primitive Embryological lines-> contain ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm

Question 12

Teratoma of the ovary

Answer 12

Effects young women
Benign
Invariably cystic -> contain keratin -> skin, hair, bronchial and gut epithelium, thyroid, neuroglia, bone, cartilage
Good prognosis

Question 13

Teratoma of the testis

Answer 13

Young men
Painless swelling of testes 
Malignant 
Varies according to type
Spreads early via blood swear 
Chemotherapy has high cure rate
Use tumour markers