Introduction, Definitions And Tumor Nomenclature

Question 0

Hyperplasia

Answer 0

Proliferation of cells in response to a stimulus
Physiological or pathological
Stop when stimulus removed

Question 1

Neoplasia

Answer 1

A state of poorly regulated cell growth in which neoplasticism cells are said to be transformed
Failure of normal cell mechanisms to control cell proliferation and maturation
Persists after cessation of stimulus
‘Cancer’

Question 2

Anaplasia

Answer 2

Loss of differentiation of cells

Often increase proliferation

Question 3

Differentiation

Answer 3

How close in appearance the cells of a tumour are to the cell type from which they are derived
Well differentiated-> closely resemble cell of origin
Poorly differentiated-> bear little resemblance of cell of origin but enough to be identified
Undifferentiated/anaplastic-> cells which are so undifferentiated their cell of origin is unknown

Question 4

Benign tumour

Answer 4

Grow by expansion 
Well definined
Do not infiltrate
Stay at site of origin and don't spread
Usually slow growing and well differentiated 
Oma

Question 5

Malignant tumour

Answer 5

Grow by expansion and infiltration
Poorly defined 
Compress and invade adjacent tissue
Can spread to distant sites-> metastasise  
Sarcoma

Question 6

Epithelial tumour nomenclature

Answer 6

Benign:
Squamous and transitional ‘surface epithelium’ epithelium-> papilloma-> prefixed by cell of origin
Glandular epithelium-> adenoma-> prefixed by organ of origin
Malignant-> carcinoma
Glandular-> adenocarcinoma
Other epithelial types prefixed by cell type of origin

Question 7

Mesenchymal tumours

Answer 7

Support cell or muscle
Benign-> 'oma'
Malignant-> 'sarcoma'
Prefixed by tissue of origin 
Bone-> osteo
Fibrous-> fibro
Cartilage->chondro
Adipose-> lipolyisis
Smooth muscle-> leiomyo
Skeletal muscle-> rhabdomyo

Question 8

Other tumours

Answer 8

Germ cell-> from ovaries/testes-> can differentiate in to anything
Teratomas-> germ cell tumour that differentiates in to the 3 Embryological germ cell layers
Embryonal-> primitive Embryonal blastic tissue-> blastomas
Gliomas-> non neural support tissue of brain! glial cells
Melanoma-> melanocytes
Lymphoma-> lymp
Leukaemia-> haempoietic cells