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Anatomy and Physiology > Tuesday week 2 > Flashcards

Tuesday week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

axon hillock

A

excitatory/inhibitory signals culminate here

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2
Q

(axoplasm) cytoplasm of axon contains what?

A

cytoskeleton, small vesicles, lysosomes, mitochondria, enzymes

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3
Q

synaptic terminal: what happens here

A

neurotransmitters released, communication with other cells

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4
Q

what happens at the initial segment?

A

This is where that AP initiates (sodium and potassium channels begin here)

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5
Q

What are neurofibrils?

A

bundles of neurofilaments, which are similar to intermediate filaments
these are found in neurons

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6
Q

What are telodendria?

A

fine extensions of the main axon trunk

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7
Q

What is the axolemma?

A

specialized portion of the plasma membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm of the axon

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8
Q

What is perikaryon?

A

The cytoplasm surrounding the nucleus in the body of a neuron

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9
Q

What are synaptic vessicles?

A

small membrane bound packages of neurotransmitter in the axon terminal

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10
Q

Which membrane releases the neurotransmitter?

A

presynaptic membrane

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11
Q

what kind of receptors are on the post synaptic membrane?

A

receptors for neurotransmitter

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12
Q

the post synaptic cell can be what?

A

another neuron, muscle fiber, gland cells

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13
Q

describe an anaxonic neuron

A

small and has indistinguishable axons and neurons

Located in the brain and special sense organs, but poorly understood

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14
Q

Describe a bipolar neuron

A

These are rare, have two distinct processes
located at special sense organs
they relay info about sight, smell, or hearing from receptors to other neurons

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15
Q

Describe a unipolar neuron

A

these are long, (think tips of toes to spinal cord)
dendrites and axons are continuous
initial segment found where dendrite converge. the rest is axon.
These are found as sensory neurons and end at the CNS. They convey sensory info to the brain.

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16
Q

Describe a multipolar neuron

A

2+ dendrites and a single axon.
This is the most common type.
It is a long motor neuron that controls skeletal muscles

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17
Q

What is a Schwann’s cell?

A

oligodendrocyte, but in the peripheral nervous system

In CNS, called oligodendrocyte

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18
Q

Steps in myelination

A
  1. schwann cell surrounds the axon
  2. wraps axon in folds of plasma membrane
  3. Myelin sheath formed
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19
Q

Name the steps in Wallerian Degeneration (4)

A
  1. Distal to the injury site, the axon and myelin degenerate and fragment.
  2. Schwann cells proliferate along original axon path. Macrophages remove debris.
  3. Axon grows into injury site along Schwann cell path.
  4. Schwann cells wrap around elongating axon.
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20
Q

Give three reasons that injury repair is more complicated in the CNS

A

More axons involved
Astrocytes produce scar tissue that prevents axon growth across damaged area.
Astrocytes release chemicals that block the regrowth of axons.

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21
Q

Where are neurons found?
What is the general direction of the flow of information?
What important cellular structure do neurons lack?

A

neurons are found both in the PNS and the CNS.
Most of the flow is from the cell body down the axon
They lack centrioles, so they can’t divide.

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22
Q

Are adult stem cells for nerves active?

A

No. They are inactive except in the following locations:

  1. epithelia for sense of smell
  2. Retina of eye
  3. Hippocampus for memory storage
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23
Q

Trace the flow of information from receptor to effector

A

Receptors can be visceral, somatic, or special.
The information is then relayed to the sensory division of the peripheral nervous system.
These afferent signals are relayed to the CNS for information processing.
The motor division of the PNS carries out commands from the CNS. The motor commands can be carried out by the somatic nervous system (SNS) or the autonomic nervous system (ANS).
The SNS goes on to stimulate skeletal muscle contraction; the ANS targets smooth muscle, cardia muscle, glands, and adipose tissue.

24
Q

What are dendritic spines?

A

These are processes on the dendrites of the neuron cell body. This is where most of the information is received for the neuron.

25
Q

What is a nerve?

A

IT is a bundle of axons in the PNS

26
Q

What is a tract?

A

A bundle of axons in the CNS

27
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

A collection of cell bodies in the PNS

28
Q

What is a nucleus?

A

It is a collection of cell bodies in the CNS

29
Q

Describe three different types of sensory neurons

A

Interoreceptors: these monitor the internal organs and environment.
Proprioreceptors: these monitor the position and movement of skeletal muscles and joints
Exteroceptors: These provide information about the external environment

30
Q

Describe two different motor neurons

A

Somatic motor neurons: these innervate skeletal muscles under conscious control. The cell body is in the CNS, with the axon extending through a peripheral nerve.

Visceral motor neurons: These innervate smooth muscle, glands, cardiac muscles, and adipose tissue.

31
Q

What are interneurons?

A

These lie between sensory neurons and motor neurons. They are responsible for many reflexes.

32
Q

Name the neuroglia of the CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells and microglia

33
Q

Name the neuroglia of the PNS

A

Schwann cells and satellite cells

34
Q

Describe ependymal cells and their function

A

These are simple cuboidal or columnar epithelia
they line the fluid-filled passageway within the spinal cord and brain
The CSF is produced, monitored and circulated by ependymal cells

35
Q

Describe microglia and their function

A

They are descended from the same cells as monocytes and macrophages. They migrate into the CNS as the nervous system forms (motile cells). They clean up debris, waste, pathogens by phagocytosis.

36
Q

Describe oligodendrites and their function

A

These provide structural framework of the CNS and stabilize positions of axons.
Also, they produce myelin. Their processes wrap around the axons to myelinate.

37
Q

What is myelin?

A

This is a membranous wrapping that coats axon and increases speed of nerve impulse transmission.

38
Q

Describe astrocytes and their function

A

These maintain the blood/brain barrier. They regulate ion, nutrient, gas concentrations.
They absorb and recycle neurotransmitters and provide structural support and form scar tissue.

39
Q

How does grey matter and white matter relate to myelin?

A

Unmyelinated axons are grey and called the grey matter of the CNS. Areas dominated by myelinated axons make up the white matter of the CNS.

40
Q

What do we call the area of axon that are myelinated?

A

internodes. Conversely, the unmyelinated gaps are called nodes (of Ranvier)

41
Q

How is are unmyelinated axons different in the PNS?

A

They are also associated with Schwann cells. Schwann cells enclose many axons; no nodes

42
Q

What are satellite cells?

A

These surround cell bodies in the PNS to regulate environment (similar in function to the astrocytes in the CNS).

43
Q

What types of neurons reside in the CNS? the PNS?

A

CNS:somatic motor neurons (body), interneurons, visceral motor neurons
PNS: Motor neuron axons, sensory (visceral/somatic) ganglia, autonomic ganglia

44
Q

What is the difference between equilibrium and resting membrane potential?

A

At equilibrium potential, the electrical and chemical gradients are equal and opposite and there’s no net movement of ions across the membrane. This would occur if the membrane was freely permeable to that ion. This sin’t the same as the resting membrane potential, which is actively maintained by the sodium potassium pumps.

45
Q

How do equilibrium and resting potential differ for potassium? For sodium?

A

For potassium, the equilibrium and resting membrane potentials are similar; for sodium, the equilibrium and resting membrane potentials are different.

46
Q

How does axon diameter relate to speed of action potential propagation?

A

bigger axon makes for more speed

47
Q

What are the two kinds of pain receptors?

A

Type A fibers: fast sharp pain

Type C fibers: slow pain (burning, aching)

48
Q

Describe electrical synapses

A

These have membranes locked together by gap junctions. They are rare but efficient, and lack meaningful information transfer.

49
Q

Describe two types of chemical synapses

A

cholinergic receptors, which bind acetylcholine, and adrenergic receptors, which bind epinephrine and norepinephrine.

50
Q

Describe postsynaptic potentials

A

EPSP shift membrane potential closer to the threshold, while IPSP are graded hyper polarization and would include K+ escape channels.

51
Q

What is summation in this context?

A

This is the integration of EPSPs and IPSPs over space or time.

52
Q

What is temporal summation?

A

A single synapse is activated repeatedly and a second stimulus arrives before the effects of the first have dispersed.

53
Q

What is spatial summation?

A

Multiple synapses active simlutaneously, and the effects are cumulative.

54
Q

What are regulatory neurons?

A

These facilitate or inhibit activities of presynaptic neurons by affecting the membrane of the cell body or altering the sensitivity of the axon terminals.

55
Q

Describe multiple sclerosis

A

This is an autoimmune disease, where immune system attacks myelinated portions of the CNS. Scleroses form in the white matters. Symptoms include loss of vision, problems with speech, balance, and motor coordination.

Anatomy and Physiology (11 decks)

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