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Anatomy and Physiology > Lecture 3 A&P > Flashcards

Lecture 3 A&P Flashcards

1
Q

Give a very brief overview of the basic functions of each of the four tissue types

A

Connective tissue: stores energy, fills internal spaces, provides structural support

Epithelial tissue: lines passageways and chambers, covers exposed surfaces, form secretary glands

Muscle tissue: contracts to produce movement

Nervous tissue: conducts electrical impulses, carries information

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2
Q

Epithelial tissue: Give relative abundance in body and name six functions

A

Most common tissue type in body

  1. forms barriers
  2. covers every exposed body surface
  3. lines digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts
  4. surrounds internal cavities
  5. lines inside of blood vessels
  6. produces glandular secretions
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3
Q

Muscle tissue: give 3 types and 5 functions for this group

A
  1. cardiac
  2. skeletal
  3. smooth
  4. skeletal movement
  5. soft tissue support
  6. maintenance of blood flow
  7. movement of materials along passageways
  8. temperature stabilization
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4
Q

Nervous tissue: name 2 types

What are the two nervous systems

A

Neurons and neuroglia

central and peripheral

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5
Q

What two components make up a connective tissue in general?

A

Cells and their extra cellular matrix

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6
Q

What is the matrix?

A

Protein fibers + ground substance

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7
Q

Name 3 commonly used histology stains

A

H&E Haematoxylin (purple: stains nuclei) and Eosin (stains everything; pink)

silver stain

Wrights stain: blood smears

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8
Q

Epithelial tissue: Give four roles of the tissue

A
  1. Provides physical protection
  2. Controls permeability
  3. Provides sensation
  4. provides specialized secretions
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9
Q

What are two subcategories of epithelial tissue?

A

epithelia and glands

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10
Q

What are 5 characteristics of epithelial tissue?

A
  1. Polarity (apical and basal sides)
  2. Specialized contacts
  3. Supported by connective tissue
  4. Avascular but innervated
  5. Regenerative (highly mitotic)
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11
Q

Since epithelial tissue is avascular, how does it get its nutrients?

A

Epithelial tissue is usually associated with highly vascular connective tissue and nutrients diffuse across the basement membrane.

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12
Q

Describe the surfaces of an epithelial cell

A

There is an apical surface; the other surfaces are called basolateral surfaces. Apical faces the environment or lumen, while the basolateral surfaces face other cells and the basement membrane.

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13
Q

What are the layers of the basement membrane (basal lamina)?

A
  1. lamina lucida

2. lamina densa (Bundle of course fibers)

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14
Q
  1. the lamina lucida is comprised of what?

2. describe the lamina densa. what is it made of?

A
  1. glycoproteins+protein filaments

2. bundle of course fibers; it is strong and acts as a filter between adjacent tissues and the epithelium

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15
Q

What are four specialized contacts that epithelial cells use to connect to other cells?

A
  1. tight junctions
  2. adhesion belts
  3. desmosomes
  4. gap junctions
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16
Q

How do we classify epithelial tissue?

A

By cell number and by cell shape
For cell number (stratified, vs. simple)
For cell shape (cuboidal, columnar, squamous)

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17
Q

Simple squamous epithelial cells

What are two specialized subcategories of these cells?

A

Delicate, in protected low friction areas!
Function: allows materials to pass through by diffusion and filtration. Secretes lubricating substance.
Found: Air sacs of the lungs, lining of the heart, blood and lymphatic vessels
Subcategories: Mesothelium (lines pericardial cavity and peritoneal cavity), endothelium (lines the inside of the heart and blood vessels.

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18
Q

Simple columnar epithelial cells

A

nuclei closer to basement, may have microvili or cilia
Function: absorbs; secretes mucous and enzymes
Found: ciliated tissues are in bronchi and uterus; smooth are found in the digestive tract and bladder

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19
Q

Transitional epithelium

A

Function: Allows urinary organs to expand and stretch
Found: Bladder, urethra, and ureters

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20
Q

Pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium

A

Appears layered but isn’t; usually has motile cilia
Function: secretes mucous; ciliated tissue moves mucous.
Found: (rare) Trachea and much of the upper respiratory tract

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21
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium

A

hexagonal nucleii in center
Function: Secretes and absorbs (not really protective)
Found: Ducts and secretory portions of small glands and kidney tubules

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22
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

Function: secretory
Found: ducts of sweat glands (rare)

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23
Q

Stratified columnar epithelium

A

Function: secretes and protects
Found: male urethra and ducts of some glands

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24
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium

A

Located at high stress areas “plywood”
Function: protects against abrasion, keratinized on exposed surfaces
Found: esophagus, mouth, vagina

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25
Q

Describe gland and give two subcategories and define them

A

Gland: collection of secretory epithelial cells.
Endocrine: secrete to the interstitial fluid
Exocrine: secrete through ducts

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26
Q

Give three types of secretion

A
  1. Merocrine: accomplished through exocytosis
  2. Apocrine: cytoplasm shed
  3. Holocrine: cell lyses
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27
Q

How do we classify exocrine gland structure? (3)

A
  1. structure of duct
  2. Shape of secretory area of the gland
  3. Relationship between the duct and secretory areas
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28
Q

Describe goblet cells

A

Secretory cells not present in glands; isolated in other epithelia; secrete mucin

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29
Q

List the 6 functions of connective tissue

A
  1. Structural framework
  2. transport
  3. protection
  4. support, surround and interconnect other tissue types
  5. store energy (triglycerides)
  6. Defend body from microbes (mast cells)
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30
Q 
Loose connective tissue:
Major functions
Matrix
Cells
Types
A

F: supports other tissues
M: syrupy ground substance with extracellular protein fibers
Cells can be fixed or wandering
Types: aerolar, adipose, reticular

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31
Q

Describe aerolar tissue

A

This is a “mixed bag” of components.

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32
Q

describe reticular, collagen, and elastic fiber

A

Reticular=strong and branched
collagen=thick, strong bundles
Elastic= for stretching

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33
Q

Reticular tissue:
Function?
Found?

A

Function: provides support, fibers create a complex 3D network (stroma)
These are organ specific cells with occasional macrophages and fibroblast

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34
Q

What are 3 dense connective tissue types

A
  1. dense regular
  2. dense irregular
  3. elastic
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35
Q

Dense irregular characteristics (5)

A
  1. Fiber meshwork
  2. Forces from many directions
  3. cover visceral organs
  4. cover bones, cartilage, peripheral nerves
  5. Make up dermis
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36
Q

Dense regular tissue
What are they?
How are they arranged?

A

Tendons (chords)
Ligaments (sheaths)
Force runs parallel to long collagen fibers

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37
Q

Elastic (dense) connective tissue
Characteristics?
Where found?

A

When elastic fibers outnumber collagen fibers
They are springy and resilient
erectile tissue, between vertebrae, walls of blood vessels

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38
Q

Fluid connective tissue: what are 2 subcategories?

A

Blood and lymph

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39
Q

What is the matrix of blood?

A

Matrix fluid + soluble proteins = plasma, which is the matrix for blood fluid connective tissue
When you add the formed elements (platelets and RBC’s_, it is blood

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40
Q

Lymph:

Characteristics, function, and composition?

A

Interstitial fluid drains into lymphatic vessels and maintain fluid/solute homeostasis
eliminates waste, toxins, and alerts the immune system
composed of: water, solutes, plasma like matrix, and lymphocytes

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41
Q

Supporting connective tissue:

What are the two types?

A

cartilage and bone

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42
Q

What are the three kinds of cartilage?

A

hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

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43
Q

cartilage:
matrix?
Vascular?

A

firm gel containing polysaccharide derivatives called chondroitin/sulfates=matrix
Only the perichondrium is vascular

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44
Q

what are proteoglycans?

A

chondroitan/sulfate complexes with protein

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45
Q

What are cartilage cells? How are they configured in the matrix?

A

Chondrocytes; found in lacunae

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46
Q

What surrounds cartilage?

A

perichondrium

47
Q

Describe the perichondrium

A

It contains blood vessel, provides nutrients and oxygen
Two layers:
Outer fibrous layer of dense irregular connective tissue (provides support and protection and attaches cartilage to other structures)
Inner layer: cellular layer

48
Q

Explain cartilage growth (two types)

A

Appositional: adds new layers of cartilage to the surface. Stem cells differentiate into chondroblasts, which secrete matrix, they then mature into chondrocytes, sometimes in human adulthood
Interstitial growth: enlarges the cartilage from within, chondrocytes divide

49
Q

Hyaline cartilage:
what does it do?
Found?

A

provides stiff but flexible support; reduces friction between bones
F: covers bone surfaces of moveable joints, etc

50
Q

Elastic cartilage:
Characterize
found?

A

Numerous elastic fibers; to allow distortion and rebound without damage
Found: outer ear

51
Q

Fibrocartilage

describe

A

durable and tough, little ground substance; mostly interwoven collagen fibers. resists compression, prevents bone/bone contact

52
Q

Supporting connective tissue: BONE
matrix?
cells?

A

Calcium salts + collagen fibers

osteocytes

53
Q

Epithelia and connective tissue combine to form what?

A

Membranes

54
Q

Name four types of membranes:

A
  1. mucous membranes
  2. serous membranes
  3. cutaneous membranes
  4. synovial membrane
55
Q

What do mucous membranes do?

A

Line passageways that communicate with the exterior

56
Q

Describe a serous membrane

A

Mesothelium supported by areolar tissue. They are delicate and never connect to the exterior. These line body cavities: Pleura, pericardium, peritoneum

57
Q

Describe a cutaneous membrane

A

Covers the surface of the body
Stratified squamous epithelium
Thick, waterproof, dry

58
Q

Describe a synovial membrane

A

they line moveable joint cavities. the epithelium isn’t a true epithelium(no basement, gaps between cells)

59
Q

What is fascia?

A

Connective tissue layers that support/surround organs

60
Q

What are the three layers of fascia?

A 
Superficial fascia (areolar and adipose tissue)
Deep fascia (Dense irregular connective tissue)
Subserous fascia (areolar tissue)
61
Q

What are the three categories of connective tissue?

A
  1. Connective tissue proper
  2. Fluid connective tissue
  3. Supporting connective tissues
62
Q

What are two subcategories of connective tissue proper?`

A
  1. Loose

2. Dense

63
Q

What are three types of loose connective tissue?

A
  1. Areolar
  2. adipose
  3. reticular
64
Q

What are three subcategories of dense connective tissue?

A
  1. regular
  2. irregular
  3. elastic
65
Q

what is the most abundant tissue type?

A

muscle, followed by connective

66
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue:

  1. function
  2. found?
  3. describe cells
A

Function: move or stabilize skeleton; guard entrances/exits to digestive, respirator & urinary tracts; generate heat; protect organs

Found: in skeletal muscles

Cells: long, cylindrical, banded (striated), multinucleated

67
Q

Cardiac Muscle tissue
Function?
Found?
Describe cells

A

Function: blood movement and maintenance of blood pressure

Found: heart

Cells are cardiocytes: short, branched, striated, single nucleus, interconnected by intercalated discs

68
Q

Smooth muscle tissue
Function?
Found?
Describe cells

A

Funciton: involuntary movement of food, feces, urine, blood, reproductive secretions

Found: skin, blood vessel walls, organs

cells: short, spindle shaped, non striated, single, central nucleus

69
Q

What is the function of the neuroglia?

A

Support neural tissue; they protect, repair, maintain nutrients and structure

70
Q

which cells are instrumental in mediating an inflammatory response when tissue is injured?

A

mast cells

71
Q

What are the 6 functions of the integumentary system?

A
  1. protect organs and tissue from many threats
  2. excrete
  3. Maintain temperature and fluid balance
  4. produce/synthesize melanin, Vit D
  5. Store lipids
  6. detect various outer stimuli
72
Q

Which features of the epidermis/dermis increases surface area for attachment of the epidermis to the dermis?

A

The ridges and papillae. Ridges are on the epidermis; papilla are on the dermis.

73
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis in order of deep to superficial?

A
  1. Stratum basale
  2. stratum spinosum
  3. stratum granulosum
  4. stratum lucidum
  5. stratum corneum
74
Q

What is the most abundant cell type of the epidermis?

A

Keratinocyte. Produced by stem cells in the deepest layers and shed on the surface

75
Q

Describe the stratum basale

A

Made up of basal stem cells; hemidesmosomes attach the cells to the basement membrane

76
Q

Describe stratum spinosum

A

8-10 layers of keratinocyte and desmosomes. also contains dendritic immune cells

77
Q

Describe stratum granulosum

A

3-5 layers of keratinocyte. the cells stop dividing at this level and start making keratin

78
Q

Describe stratum lucidum

A

It is only found in thick skin

These are flattened cells with keratin; here cells are dead or dying, organelles breaking down

79
Q

describe stratum corneum

A

15-30 layers of keratinaized cells connected by desmosomes; water resistant

80
Q

How much water do we lose to insensible perspiration daily?

A

500mL

81
Q

What three factors affect skin color?

A
  1. Pigments in the skin
  2. Degree of dermal circulation
  3. thickness and degree of keratinization of epidermis
82
Q

What are two pigments found in the skin?

A

Melanin and carotene

83
Q

How is melanin produced?

A

melanocytes make them from tyrosine and package them into vesicles (melanosomes) and transfer them to keratinocyte in upper layers.

84
Q

How are darker skinned people different in terms of pigmentation?

A

Melanosomes are larger in these people so pigmentation last up to stratum granulosum

85
Q

What is carotenemia?

A

Too much carotene in skin

86
Q

What is albinism?

A

Deficiency or lack of melanin production; normal amount of melanocytes, they just don’t produce.

87
Q

How can cyanosis appear blue?

A

Hemoglobin without oxygen is dark red, but appears blue from the surface of the skin

88
Q

How is blood supplied to the dermis and epidermis?

A

A network of blood vessels (sub papillary plexus) runs parallel and deep to the surface of the ridges and papillae; capillary loops extend toward them.

89
Q

What is the most common type of skin cancer and why?

A

basal cell carcinoma. these cells are highly mitotic and therefore accumulate mutations at a higher rate. These cancers don’t typically metastasize. Less common is malignant melanoma, which is more dangerous as it is more likely to metastasize quickly.

90
Q

What are lines of cleavage?

A

Collagen and elastic fibers form parallel bundles based on the direction of force during movement. Cutting parallel to the cleavage lines prevents scarring.

91
Q

What are the three layers of the dermis?

A
  1. Papillary layer
  2. Reticular layer
  3. Hypodermis
92
Q

Describe the papillary layer of the dermis

A

It is vascularized (subpapillary plexus) areolar tissue, it also contains lymphatic vessels and sensory neurons

93
Q

Describe the reticular layer of the dermis

A

It is dense irregular tissue (deceiving from name!) and it contains the collagen and elastic fibers. The collagen extends to adjacent layers. There are also capillaries, lymphatic vessels, nerve fibers, and accessory structures here.

94
Q

Describe the hypodermis layer

A

Not actually skin; this layer separates the skin from deeper structures and stabilizes while providing movement. Adipose tissue dominates here.

95
Q

Give five types of sensory receptors in the skin (superficial to deep)

A
  1. free nerve endings
  2. tactile discs
  3. Meissner’s corpuscles
  4. Lamellated corpuscles
  5. Ruffini corpuscles
96
Q

Name four causes of burns other than heat

A
  1. friction
  2. radiation
  3. electrical shock
  4. chemicals
97
Q

What level of involvement (anatomically) is seen for each of the degrees of burning?

A
  1. 1st degree: surface of epidermis
  2. 2nd degree: all of epidermis and maybe some dermis (blistering)
  3. Destroy epidermis and dermis (less painful but requires grafts)
98
Q

Which three skin functions are affected by extensive burns?

A
  1. fluid and electrolyte balance
  2. thermoregulation
  3. Protection from infection
99
Q

contrast the terms: autograft/allograft/xenograft

A

Source of graft skin:
auto=self
allo=another person
xeno=animal source

100
Q

What are three accessory skin structures?

A

hair follicles, exocrine glands, nails

101
Q

What are two types of hair found on the human body?

A 
Vellus hairs (fine hairs on body)
terminal hairs (scalp, armpits, etc)
102
Q

Give the layers of the hair follicle structure from deep to superficial

A

Deep: Internal root sheath (produced from the hair matrix, surrounds the deep root)
External root sheath (epithelial cells that extend from the skin surface to the hair matrix)
Glassy membrane (Clear basement membrane)
Connective tissue sheath

103
Q

What are the four steps of the hair growth cycle

A
  1. Active phase
  2. Follicle regression
  3. Resting phase
  4. follicle reactivation and growth of replacement hair
104
Q

How is hair color derived?

A

The color comes from melanocytes in the hair’s matrix

White hair is caused by lack of pigment or the presence of air bubbles in the medulla.

105
Q

Describe sebaceous glands and how do they function in conjunction to the hair follicle?

A

These are simple, branched alveolar holocrine glands. The lipids release from the glands into the lumen; the arrestor pili muscle contracts and squeezes sebum into hair follicle and eventually the cell surface.

106
Q

Contrast merocrine and apocrine sweat glands

A

Apocrine: viscous secretion, hormonally influenced, released from mammaries, external ear, groin, armpits

Merocrine: These are a watery secretion controlled by the central nervous system for thermoregulation and antibacterial reasons. Myoepithelial cells contract to cause the discharge.

107
Q

Look at the pictures of nail anatomy

A

Yay, you did it

108
Q

Why should a PA care about a patient’s fingernails?

A

They can be indicative of certain pathologies

109
Q

How do hormones relate to integument?

A

Sex hormones influence distribution of subcutaneous adipose tissue.
Also, the integument responds to hormones to stimulate cell activity, repair, division, etc. Think Epidermis Growth Factor (EGF)

110
Q

How does the skin aid in our Vit D/calcium absorption?

A

UV light causes skin to transform a steroid compound into cholecalciferol, which is then made into an intermediary product in the liver and then calcitriol in the kidney, where it stimulates the GI tract to absorb calcium and phosphate ions.

111
Q

What are the four phases of integument repair?

A

Inflammatory phase: mast cells trigger inflammatory response
Migratory phase: Scab forms, macrophages clear debris and pathogens, cells rapidly divide and migrate to wound edges.
Proliferation Phase: Clot dissolves, fibroblasts make new collagen fibers and ground substance.
Scarring Phase: Scar tissue forms

112
Q

What are keloids?

A

Raised masses of scar tissue when tissue formation continues beyond the requirements of tissue repair.

113
Q

What are some of the effects of aging on the skin?

A

Fewer melanocytes, drier epidermis, thinning epidermis, diminished immune response, thinning dermis, decreased perspiration, reduced blood supply, slower skin repair, fewer active follicles, altered hair and fat distribution

Anatomy and Physiology (11 decks)

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