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Neuro-Unit 1 > Tuesday, 3-22-Neurotransmitter Systems (Karius) > Flashcards

Tuesday, 3-22-Neurotransmitter Systems (Karius) Flashcards

1
Q

An autoimmune response that destroys the neurons of the tuberomamillary nucleus is most likely to directly decrease release of what neurotransmitter?

A

Histamine

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2
Q

What is the correct order of synthesis of monoamines from tyrosine?

A

Tyrosine –> Dopamine –> Norepi –> Epi

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3
Q

Neurons which release which neurotransmitter as their primary transmitter are also likely to release measurable quantities of dopamine and norepinephrine?

A

Epi

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4
Q

What is the central location of Dopamine?

What are the functions of Dopamine

What is the AA derivative of Dopamine?

A

Location=Basal ganglia, VTA (ventral tegmental area)

Functions=Motor control, pleasure, consciousness

AA=Tyrosine

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5
Q

What is the central location of norepi?

What are the functions of norepi?

What is the AA derivative of norepi?

A

Location=pons/brainstem

Functions=wakefulness

AA=Tyrosine

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6
Q

What is the central location of epi?

What is the function of epi?

What is the AA derivative of epi?

A

Location=brainstem

Function=wakefulness

AA=Tyrosine

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7
Q

What is the central location of serotonin?

What is the function of serotonin?

What is the AA derivative of serotonin?

A

Location=brainstem (raphe nucleus)

Function=mood, wakefulness

AA=Tryptophan

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8
Q

What is the central location of histamine?

What is the function of histamine?

What is the AA derivative of histamine?

A

Hypothalamus

Function=waking

AA=Histidine

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9
Q

What are the central locations of Ach?

A

Midbrain
Pons
The striatum

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10
Q

This neurotransmitter is crucial in producing consciousness, but not awareness (brain arousal mechanisms), control of voluntary motion, and initiation of REM sleep

A

Ach

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11
Q

Ach is stored in clear vesicles and moved into vesicles by ___

A

VAchT (Vesicular Ach Transporter protein)

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12
Q

What is Ach catabolized by And where is it bound?

A

Acetylcholinesterase –> bound to post-synaptic cell membrane

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13
Q

___ receptors are serpentine receptors and g-protein coupled

A

Muscarinic

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14
Q

M1 (neuronal) receptors are what type of GPCR?

A

Gq –> Increase in IP3/DAG –> Increase Ca2+

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15
Q

___ receptors are ionotropic and allow for Na entrance, although some neuronal forms allow for significant Ca influx

A

Nicotinic

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16
Q

What is the central location of Ach?

What are functions of Ach?

What type of Ionotropic receptors are associated with Ach?

What type of Metabotropic receptors are associated with Ach?

A

Location=Pons/Midbrain

Functions=Wakefulness

Ionotropic receptors=Nicotinic

Metabotropic receptors=Muscarinic

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17
Q

What are 2 inhibitory AA’s?

What are 2 excitatory AA’s?

A

GABA, Glycine

Glutamate, aspartate, taurine

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18
Q

Where is GABA located?

A

Cerebellum
Cortex
Retina

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19
Q

___ is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the higher CNS, is critical for producing consciousness/awareness (brain arousal mechanisms), and control of voluntary motion

A

GABA

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20
Q

What is GABA derived from and what is the enzyme involved?

A

Derived from glutamate using Glutamate Decarboxylase

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21
Q

How are the actions of GABA limited?

A
  • Reuptake

- Catabolism by GABA-transaminase

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22
Q

GABA can bind to this ionotropic receptor that has 5 subunits, conducts Cl-, and is a site of benzodiazapene potentiation:

A

GABA-A receptor

23
Q

GABA can bind to this serpentine, Heterodimer GPCR (Gq and Gi), leading to an end result of hyperpolarization:

A

GABA-B receptor

Decrease adenylyl cyclase –> increase K+ efflux

Decrease IP3/DAG –> decrease Ca2+ influx

24
Q

Many general anesthetics are postulated to produce anesthesia by activating __ receptors at extra-synaptic locations throughout the cortex

A

GABA-A (mostly)

25
Q

What is the central location of GABA?

What are the functions of GABA?

What is the ionotropic receptor of GABA?

What is the metabotropic receptor of GABA?

A

Location=Higher CNS

Functions=Motor control, wakefulness/consciousness

Ionotropic receptors=GABA-A (Chloride)

Metabotropic receptors=GABA-B

26
Q

What neurotransmitter is produced almost exclusively in the midline raphe nucleus?

A

Serotonin

27
Q

Where is Glycine primarily found?

A

The SPINAL CORD

-some brainstem and forebrain (less than GABA)

28
Q

This AA main function is to mediate spinal inhibitions (reflexes and their modification)

A

Glycine

29
Q

Describe the glycine receptor:

A
  • Ionotropic
  • Pentamer
  • alpha subunit: glycine binding
  • beta subunit is structural
  • Cl channel
  • Blocked by strychnine
30
Q

Tyrosine —> L-DOPA is catalyzed by what enzyme?

Norepi —-> Epi is catalyzed by what enzyme?

A

Tyrosine Hydroxylase (rate-limiting)

PNMT

31
Q

This dopaminergic pathway is involved in motor control and is damaged in parkinsons disease:

A

Substantia nigra

32
Q

This dopaminergic pathway runs from the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens. It is the core of the pleasure/reward pathways in the brain and alterations to this system are associated with addiction:

A

Mesolimbic

33
Q

This dopaminergic pathway runs from the ventral tegmental area to the cortex, especially the frontal cortex. This pathway is crucial to attention and higher levels of consciousness. Damage to this pathway is associated with alterations in cognition/consciousness, while dysfunction has been linked to schizophrenia

A

Mesocortical dopaminergic

34
Q

This pathway runs from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary. The release of dopamine from these axons suppresses prolactin’s release from anterior pituitary

A

Tuberinfundibular pathways

35
Q

Within the CNS, norepi is found in this nucleus:

A

Locus ceruleus

36
Q

Where is the locus ceruleus found?

A

In the upper brainstem (pons)

37
Q

___ are a family of peptides, the neurotransmitters include: endorphins, enkephalins, dynorphins, and nociceptin

A

Opioids

38
Q

Where are opioids produced?

A

Basal ganglia
Hypothalamus
Parabrachial nuclei
Raphe nuclei

39
Q

___ general functions include modification of nociceptive inputs (neurophysiology of pain) and modification of mood/affect (limbic system)

A

Opiod

40
Q

What are the 4 precurso molecules of opioids?

A

Proenkephalin
POMC
Prodynorphin
Orphanin FQ (AKA Nociceptin)

41
Q

What are the 2 AA’s that make up the “x” part of the sequence of Proenkephalin?

A

Met-enkephalin

Leu-enkephalin

42
Q

Beta-endorphins arise from this opioid precursor molecule:

A

POMC

43
Q

How are opioids synthesized?

A

Since it is a peptide, they are coded and created via DNA/RNA/Protein synthetic machinery

44
Q

How are the actions of opioids limited?

A

Enzymatically, possibly after reuptake

  • Enkephalinase A and B
  • Aminopeptidase
45
Q

Opioids can bind to the ___ receptors that are serpentine receptors, involved in analgesia, respiratory depression, euphoria, sedation, and constipation

A

Mu

46
Q

Opioids can bind to __ receptors that are serpentine, involved in analgesia, diuresis, miosis, and dysphoria

A

Kappa

47
Q

The opioid receptors are all serpentine receptors and inhibit ___

A

Adenylyl cyclase

48
Q

The indirect ion effects of ___ receptors increase K efflux and
Hyperpolarization

The indirect ion effects of ___ receptors decrease Ca2+

A

Mu

Kappa and delta

49
Q

What is the central location of opioids?

What are the main functions of opioids?

What are the metabotropic receptors for opioids?

List examples of opioids:

A

Hypothalamus/medulla

Modulation of pain/production of pleasure

Mu, delta, kappa

Endorphins, dynorphin, enkephalins

50
Q

___ is an endocannabinoid that causes “bliss” and is arachidonic acid + ethanolamine

___ is an endocannabinoid that has arachidonic acid esterified into the middle position of glycerol

A

Anandamide

2-arachidonylglycerol

51
Q

List the locations of endocannabinoids:

A

BROAD DISTRIBUTION WITHIN THE CNS:

  • Hippocampus-memory formation
  • Basal ganglia-affect/motor
  • Spinal cord-modulation of nociception
  • Neocortex-neuroprotective?
52
Q

The ___ receptor for endocannabinoids has axons and presynaptic terminals of EAA and GABA synapse; it is Gi protein-coupled, reduces NT release, and binds to either anandamid or 2-AG well

A

CB-1

53
Q

The __ receptor for endocannabinoids is found in the microglia of the brain, immune system and gut, is anti-inflammatory, and causes macrophages to remove beta-amyloid in the brain

A

CB-1

54
Q

What is the central location of endocannibinoids?

What are the functions of endocannibinoids?

What are the metabotropic receptors of endocannibinoids?

A

Multiple/widespread

Modulation of pain/neuroprotection

CB1 and CB2

Neuro-Unit 1 (13 decks)

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