Tuesday, 3-22-Neurotransmitter Systems (Karius) Flashcards by Kelley Perry

An autoimmune response that destroys the neurons of the tuberomamillary nucleus is most likely to directly decrease release of what neurotransmitter?

Histamine

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What is the correct order of synthesis of monoamines from tyrosine?

Tyrosine –> Dopamine –> Norepi –> Epi

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Neurons which release which neurotransmitter as their primary transmitter are also likely to release measurable quantities of dopamine and norepinephrine?

Epi

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What is the central location of Dopamine?

What are the functions of Dopamine

What is the AA derivative of Dopamine?

Location=Basal ganglia, VTA (ventral tegmental area)

Functions=Motor control, pleasure, consciousness

AA=Tyrosine

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What is the central location of norepi?

What are the functions of norepi?

What is the AA derivative of norepi?

Location=pons/brainstem

Functions=wakefulness

AA=Tyrosine

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What is the central location of epi?

What is the function of epi?

What is the AA derivative of epi?

Location=brainstem

Function=wakefulness

AA=Tyrosine

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What is the central location of serotonin?

What is the function of serotonin?

What is the AA derivative of serotonin?

Location=brainstem (raphe nucleus)

Function=mood, wakefulness

AA=Tryptophan

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What is the central location of histamine?

What is the function of histamine?

What is the AA derivative of histamine?

Hypothalamus

Function=waking

AA=Histidine

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What are the central locations of Ach?

Midbrain
Pons
The striatum

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This neurotransmitter is crucial in producing consciousness, but not awareness (brain arousal mechanisms), control of voluntary motion, and initiation of REM sleep

Ach

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Ach is stored in clear vesicles and moved into vesicles by ___

VAchT (Vesicular Ach Transporter protein)

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What is Ach catabolized by And where is it bound?

Acetylcholinesterase –> bound to post-synaptic cell membrane

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___ receptors are serpentine receptors and g-protein coupled

Muscarinic

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M1 (neuronal) receptors are what type of GPCR?

Gq –> Increase in IP3/DAG –> Increase Ca2+

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___ receptors are ionotropic and allow for Na entrance, although some neuronal forms allow for significant Ca influx

Nicotinic

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What is the central location of Ach?

What are functions of Ach?

What type of Ionotropic receptors are associated with Ach?

What type of Metabotropic receptors are associated with Ach?

Location=Pons/Midbrain

Functions=Wakefulness

Ionotropic receptors=Nicotinic

Metabotropic receptors=Muscarinic

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What are 2 inhibitory AA’s?

What are 2 excitatory AA’s?

GABA, Glycine

Glutamate, aspartate, taurine

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Where is GABA located?

Cerebellum
Cortex
Retina

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___ is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the higher CNS, is critical for producing consciousness/awareness (brain arousal mechanisms), and control of voluntary motion

GABA

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What is GABA derived from and what is the enzyme involved?

Derived from glutamate using Glutamate Decarboxylase

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How are the actions of GABA limited?

Reuptake

- Catabolism by GABA-transaminase

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GABA can bind to this ionotropic receptor that has 5 subunits, conducts Cl-, and is a site of benzodiazapene potentiation:

GABA-A receptor

GABA can bind to this serpentine, Heterodimer GPCR (Gq and Gi), leading to an end result of hyperpolarization:

GABA-B receptor

Decrease adenylyl cyclase –> increase K+ efflux

Decrease IP3/DAG –> decrease Ca2+ influx

Many general anesthetics are postulated to produce anesthesia by activating __ receptors at extra-synaptic locations throughout the cortex

GABA-A (mostly)

What is the central location of GABA? What are the functions of GABA? What is the ionotropic receptor of GABA? What is the metabotropic receptor of GABA?

Location=Higher CNS Functions=Motor control, wakefulness/consciousness Ionotropic receptors=GABA-A (Chloride) Metabotropic receptors=GABA-B

What neurotransmitter is produced almost exclusively in the midline raphe nucleus?

Serotonin

Where is Glycine primarily found?

The SPINAL CORD | -some brainstem and forebrain (less than GABA)

This AA main function is to mediate spinal inhibitions (reflexes and their modification)

Glycine

Describe the glycine receptor:

- Ionotropic - Pentamer - alpha subunit: glycine binding - beta subunit is structural - Cl channel - Blocked by strychnine

Tyrosine ---> L-DOPA is catalyzed by what enzyme? Norepi ----> Epi is catalyzed by what enzyme?

Tyrosine Hydroxylase (rate-limiting) PNMT

This dopaminergic pathway is involved in motor control and is damaged in parkinsons disease:

Substantia nigra

This dopaminergic pathway runs from the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens. It is the core of the pleasure/reward pathways in the brain and alterations to this system are associated with addiction:

Mesolimbic

This dopaminergic pathway runs from the ventral tegmental area to the cortex, especially the frontal cortex. This pathway is crucial to attention and higher levels of consciousness. Damage to this pathway is associated with alterations in cognition/consciousness, while dysfunction has been linked to schizophrenia

Mesocortical dopaminergic

This pathway runs from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary. The release of dopamine from these axons suppresses prolactin's release from anterior pituitary

Tuberinfundibular pathways

Within the CNS, norepi is found in this nucleus:

Locus ceruleus

Where is the locus ceruleus found?

In the upper brainstem (pons)

___ are a family of peptides, the neurotransmitters include: endorphins, enkephalins, dynorphins, and nociceptin

Opioids

Where are opioids produced?

Basal ganglia Hypothalamus Parabrachial nuclei Raphe nuclei

___ general functions include modification of nociceptive inputs (neurophysiology of pain) and modification of mood/affect (limbic system)

Opiod

What are the 4 precurso molecules of opioids?

Proenkephalin POMC Prodynorphin Orphanin FQ (AKA Nociceptin)

What are the 2 AA's that make up the "x" part of the sequence of Proenkephalin?

Met-enkephalin | Leu-enkephalin

Beta-endorphins arise from this opioid precursor molecule:

POMC

How are opioids synthesized?

Since it is a peptide, they are coded and created via DNA/RNA/Protein synthetic machinery

How are the actions of opioids limited?

Enzymatically, possibly after reuptake - Enkephalinase A and B - Aminopeptidase

Opioids can bind to the ___ receptors that are serpentine receptors, involved in analgesia, respiratory depression, euphoria, sedation, and constipation

Opioids can bind to __ receptors that are serpentine, involved in analgesia, diuresis, miosis, and dysphoria

Kappa

The opioid receptors are all serpentine receptors and inhibit ___

Adenylyl cyclase

The indirect ion effects of ___ receptors increase K efflux and Hyperpolarization The indirect ion effects of ___ receptors decrease Ca2+

Mu Kappa and delta

What is the central location of opioids? What are the main functions of opioids? What are the metabotropic receptors for opioids? List examples of opioids:

Hypothalamus/medulla Modulation of pain/production of pleasure Mu, delta, kappa Endorphins, dynorphin, enkephalins

___ is an endocannabinoid that causes "bliss" and is arachidonic acid + ethanolamine ___ is an endocannabinoid that has arachidonic acid esterified into the middle position of glycerol

Anandamide 2-arachidonylglycerol

List the locations of endocannabinoids:

BROAD DISTRIBUTION WITHIN THE CNS: - Hippocampus-memory formation - Basal ganglia-affect/motor - Spinal cord-modulation of nociception - Neocortex-neuroprotective?

The ___ receptor for endocannabinoids has axons and presynaptic terminals of EAA and GABA synapse; it is Gi protein-coupled, reduces NT release, and binds to either anandamid or 2-AG well

CB-1

The __ receptor for endocannabinoids is found in the microglia of the brain, immune system and gut, is anti-inflammatory, and causes macrophages to remove beta-amyloid in the brain

CB-1

What is the central location of endocannibinoids? What are the functions of endocannibinoids? What are the metabotropic receptors of endocannibinoids?

Multiple/widespread Modulation of pain/neuroprotection CB1 and CB2