TUBERCULOSIS Flashcards
Considered as the world’s deadliest disease
TUBERCULOSIS
It is a highly infectious chronic disease caused by the
caused by a type of bacteria called
Mycobacterium
tuberculosis or Tubercle bacilli.
People with active TB disease
(i.e. those who
also show signs and symptoms of the disease)
People with latent TB infection
(i.e. people
who have the TB bacteria but do not show any
symptoms) cannot spread TB bacteria to
others
The most hazardous period for development of
clinical disease is the first ____ months after
infectio
6-12
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Persistent Cough
Hemoptysis
Fever
Night Sweats
Unexplained Weight Loss
Loss of Appetite
Fatigue or Weakness
Chest Pain
Back Pain
Shortness of Breath
MOST SUSCEPTIBLE TO TB
malnourished individuals
Children
. Pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB)
The most common
. Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis
bacteria spread outside the lungs
to other parts of the body.
- Drug-Sensitive Tuberculosis (DS-TB)
t is susceptible to
the standard first-line anti-TB drugs
first-line anti-TB drugs (
such as
rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and
ethambutol)
Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis (DR-TB)
when
Mycobacterium tuberculosis becomes
resistant to at least one of the drugs used to
treat TB
Multidrug-Resistant TB (MDR-TB):
Resistant to at least isoniazid and
rifampicin, the two most effective firstline drugs
Extensively Drug-Resistant TB
(XDR-TB):
Resistant to isoniazid,
rifampicin, and at least one secondline drug (fluoroquinolones) and one
injectable drug (amikacin, kanamycin,
or capreomycin).
Pre-XDR-TB
Resistant to either a
fluoroquinolone or an injectable drug,
but not both.
4. Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis (DR-TB)
Treatment:
DR-TB requires a more complex
and longer treatment regimen, often lasting
18-24 months or more with second-line drugs.
Latent Tuberculosis (LTBI)
This is a non-contagious form of
TB where the person is infected with
Mycobacterium tuberculosis but does not have
active disease. The bacteria remain dormant
in the body.
Primary Tuberculosis
This refers to the initial infection
with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which may
or may not progress to active TB. It often
occurs in people who have never been
exposed to TB before
Secondary Tuberculosis (Reactivation TB)
This form occurs when latent TB
becomes active again,
Military Tuberculosis
This is a severe form of TB
where the bacteria spread throughout the
body, often affecting multiple organs
Isoniazid (INH)
- crucial for its bactericidal action.
- are the mainstay of TB treatment.
Rifampicin (RIF)
- considered the most essential TB drug due to
its high efficacy in killing rapidly multiplying
bacteria, its role in both the intensive and
continuation treatment phases, and its
significance in identifying multidrug-resistant
TB (MDR-TB).
Pyrazinamide (PZA)
- targets dormant bacteria in the intensive
phase
Ethambutol (EMB)
- used for children over 5 years old or when
drug resistance is suspected
TYPES OF TB TESTING
- Skin Tests
Tuberculin Skin Test (TST) or Mantoux Test:
A small amount of purified protein derivative
(PPD) is injected under the skin of the
forearm.
48-72 hours, the injection site is
examined for swelling
size of the induration determines if the
result is positive
.TYPES OF TB TESTING
Blood Tests
Interferon-Gamma Release Assays (IGRAs):
Measure the immune system’s response to TB
antigens in a blood sample
Two common types:
o QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus (QFTPlus):
Two common types:
o QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus (QFTPlus):
Not affected by the BCG vaccine.
- Diagnostic Tests for Active TB
These are used when TB disease is suspected:
Sputum Tests:
Imaging:
Drug Sensitivity Testing (DST):
Biopsy and Other Body Fluids Testing:
- Emerging Tests
(LF-LAM):Detects TB in urine, particularly useful
in HIV-positive individuals.
NATIONAL TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL PROGRAm
establish ibn
1978
