Tuberculosis Flashcards
Why did men want to get TB
made them smarter
why did women want to get TB?
made them “beautiful”, pale, thin, red lips
What was tuberculosis once known as?
consumption
What other diesease made an co-infection with TB
HIV
what is early tuberculosis also referred to as
granuloma
what happens to the inner cells of the area infected with TB?
become necrotic
what happens to white blood cells when infected with TB
harden and calcify
where can TB survive
low oxygen environment
what happens to the cells inside the granuloma
die and create gas
symptoms of TB
fever, coughing, weight loss, malaise, pregessive lung damaged
systemic TB
can infect any area of the body
bones, joints , internal organs, and brain
what parts of the body can systemic TB infect?
bones and joints, internal organs, brains
where can M.Tuberculosis survive
inactivated macrophages
What causes TB to travel throughout the body
M.Tuberculosis inhabiting macrophages
what cause someone to more likely to have a poor outcome from TB?
prone to inflammatory conditions
what is involved in controlling the infectious
T-cells
what is a causative agent for tuberculosis
M tuberculosis
How does TB spread
Aerosols
TB skin test
inject of M.tuberculosis proteins
-postive test leads to red area at injection site
What activates macrophages
Gamma interferon (IFN-y)
what kills infected macrophages
cytoptoxic T-cells (Tc-cells)
Healthy individual exposed to low dose
activated macrophages stop infection.
individuals unable to mount a rapid respones
bacteria multiply in lung macrophages
diagnoiss of TB
acid fast staining of sputum samples
latent TB
infected with TB, no diesease, not sick, not infectious
Goal- prevent future active disease.
active TB
TB infection progressed to TB disease, usually sick, infectious if pulmonary and not infectious if not pulmonary.
pulmonary
relating to lungs
how did humans acquire tuberculosis
domesticated animals
Streptomycin
first antibiotic used against M. tuberculosis
did not always cure pateints
slowly dividing cells became resistant
Rifampin
used to treat TB and prophylactically for bacterial meningitis
-resistant mutants arise readily
-used in combination with other drugs
Isoniazid
isonictinic acid hydrazide or INH
-must converted into the active form by a bacterial enzyme ( catalase-peroxidase)
-inhibits the formation of mycolic acid
-resistance occur by inactivation of catalase-peroxidase or by mutation of enzyme in mycolic acid synthesis pathway
Pyrazinamide
bacterial enzyme (pZase) converts it to pyrazinoic acid ( active form)
-target of drug is unknown
uptake increases under acidic conditions
-targets bacterail insde phagocytic cells
Pyrazinamide
bacterial enzyme (pZase) converts it to pyrazinoic acid ( active form)
-target of drug is unknown
uptake increases under acidic conditions
-targets bacterail insde phagocytic cells
How long does it take to kill a cell
roughly 3 minutes
what happens to the tubercles that causes them to become visible in X-rays
they calcify
what do the calccification look like on a xray
cloudy spots
what does the growth of the bacteria cause
the insde of the tubercle to liquefy
how long can bacteria in the tubercles survive
decades
reactivation
bacteria breaks out of the lesions and multiple
what causes reactivation
suppression of the immune system
what can lead to reactivation
old age, cancer, HIV, immunosuppressive drugs
How many people fell ill to TB in 2020
10 million
-5.6 million men
-3.3million women
1.1million childern
challenges to public health system
-educate, coordinate care with private sector
-identify support services
-Treat TB in geriatric populations
-treat TB in childern
-Deal with alchohol, drug abusing , incarcerated, and or homless patients
what was the problem with rifampin
resistant mutants arise, was killing good bacteria, depleting layer of immune cell
what was the problem with streptomycin
didn’t always cure slowly dividing cells became resistant
mycin
attacks bacterial ribosome
