Malaria Flashcards
What is the most deadly disease in history?
Malaria
What percent of the population is at risk?
40%
how many cases in 2022
218-269 million
most victims are
<5
who are especially vulnerable
pregnant women
how many deaths in saharan africa
90%
what is a disease of poverty and causes poverty
Malaria
vector of malaria
anopheles mosquitoes
parasite of malaria
P.falciparum and or P.vivax
host of malaria
human
how long can females survive
1 month
2+ blood meals
how long can males survive
<1 week and only feed on nectar/sugar water
what makes a good malaria vector
-feeding behavior
-what
-when
-where
Anthropophilic
prefer to feed on humans
zoophilic
perfer to feed on animals
crepuscular
feeding at dusk or dawn
nocturnal
feeding at night
endophagic
indoors
exophagic
outdoors
anopheles gambiae
-strongly anthropophilic
-nocternal
-exophagic
human pathogens
P.falciparum
P.vivax
P.ovale
P.malariae
What is the deadliest species
P.falciparum
What is the trickiest species
P.vivax
where does infected RBC have parasite proteins
cell membrane
where does infected RBC adhere
to the inside of the vascular system
-prevents clearance by the spleen
-placenta: pregnancy malaria
-Brain- cerebral malaria
antigenic variation
immune escape
P.vivax preferentially infects
reticulocytes ( immature RBCs)
P.vivax relies on what
Duffy antigen for invasion of RBC
where does P.vivax hides?
liver
small nonreplicating liver stage parasites
Hypnozoites
what is not susceptible to most of the anti-malarial drugs
P.vivax
Human factors that effect malaria
-Human genetics
-acquired immunity
-behavioral factors
genetically modified mosquitoes
engineered to kill the malaria parasite or infertility
socio-economic
rural poor populations
-protective housing (open air huts)
-preventative measures (bed nets, insecticides)
-treatments (drugs)
economic
agriculture societies
-create breeding sites for mosquitoes
-outdoor evening labor
-raising domestic animals
human behavior
-cultural/education
-political
-environment
-malaria interventions
cultural/education
-use traditional/ineffective methods of treatment
-poor understanding of preventive treatments
-poor understanding of the biology of malaria
political
-war, migrations (voluntary or forced), government collapse
-reintroduction of malaria to malaria-free regions
environment
-reduction of mosquito habitat
-urban areas, parking lots, deforestation
-creation of urban mosquito habitat
-tires, irrigation trenches, dtches
malaria interventions
-insecticides to control the vector
-drugs to control the parasite
how to prevent transmission
block/eliminate vector or parasite
-insecticide treated bed nets
-indoor residual spraying
what does insecticide treated bed nets do
blocks/kills nocturnal endorphagic mosquitos
-reduce child mortality by 20%
-pitfalls: lack of or incorrect usage, holes
what does indoor residual spraying do
kills endophagic mosquitos
what does mass insecticide spraying do
exophagic mosquitoes and larvae
DDT
the reason why we dont have malaria in the USA
where does most drugs target
the blood stage of infection
what other places does the drug target
liver ( hyponozoites)
what is malaris
disease caused by single celled parasites of the plasmodium sp.
transmitted by mosquitoes
symptoms of malaria
headache
fever
fatigue
back pain
chills
sweating
dry cough
spleen enlargement
nausea/vomiting
