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infectious disease > Malaria > Flashcards

Malaria Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most deadly disease in history?

A

Malaria

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2
Q

What percent of the population is at risk?

A

40%

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3
Q

how many cases in 2022

A

218-269 million

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4
Q

most victims are

A

<5

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5
Q

who are especially vulnerable

A

pregnant women

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6
Q

how many deaths in saharan africa

A

90%

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7
Q

what is a disease of poverty and causes poverty

A

Malaria

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8
Q

vector of malaria

A

anopheles mosquitoes

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9
Q

parasite of malaria

A

P.falciparum and or P.vivax

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10
Q

host of malaria

A

human

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11
Q

how long can females survive

A

1 month
2+ blood meals

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12
Q

how long can males survive

A

<1 week and only feed on nectar/sugar water

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13
Q

what makes a good malaria vector

A

-feeding behavior
-what
-when
-where

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14
Q

Anthropophilic

A

prefer to feed on humans

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15
Q

zoophilic

A

perfer to feed on animals

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16
Q

crepuscular

A

feeding at dusk or dawn

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17
Q

nocturnal

A

feeding at night

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18
Q

endophagic

A

indoors

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19
Q

exophagic

A

outdoors

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20
Q

anopheles gambiae

A

-strongly anthropophilic
-nocternal
-exophagic

21
Q

human pathogens

A

P.falciparum
P.vivax
P.ovale
P.malariae

22
Q

What is the deadliest species

A

P.falciparum

23
Q

What is the trickiest species

A

P.vivax

24
Q

where does infected RBC have parasite proteins

A

cell membrane

25
Q

where does infected RBC adhere

A

to the inside of the vascular system
-prevents clearance by the spleen
-placenta: pregnancy malaria
-Brain- cerebral malaria

26
Q

antigenic variation

A

immune escape

27
Q

P.vivax preferentially infects

A

reticulocytes ( immature RBCs)

28
Q

P.vivax relies on what

A

Duffy antigen for invasion of RBC

29
Q

where does P.vivax hides?

A

liver

30
Q

small nonreplicating liver stage parasites

A

Hypnozoites

31
Q

what is not susceptible to most of the anti-malarial drugs

A

P.vivax

32
Q

Human factors that effect malaria

A

-Human genetics
-acquired immunity
-behavioral factors

33
Q

genetically modified mosquitoes

A

engineered to kill the malaria parasite or infertility

34
Q

socio-economic

A

rural poor populations
-protective housing (open air huts)
-preventative measures (bed nets, insecticides)
-treatments (drugs)

35
Q

economic

A

agriculture societies
-create breeding sites for mosquitoes
-outdoor evening labor
-raising domestic animals

36
Q

human behavior

A

-cultural/education
-political
-environment
-malaria interventions

37
Q

cultural/education

A

-use traditional/ineffective methods of treatment
-poor understanding of preventive treatments
-poor understanding of the biology of malaria

38
Q

political

A

-war, migrations (voluntary or forced), government collapse
-reintroduction of malaria to malaria-free regions

39
Q

environment

A

-reduction of mosquito habitat
-urban areas, parking lots, deforestation
-creation of urban mosquito habitat
-tires, irrigation trenches, dtches

40
Q

malaria interventions

A

-insecticides to control the vector
-drugs to control the parasite

41
Q

how to prevent transmission

A

block/eliminate vector or parasite
-insecticide treated bed nets
-indoor residual spraying

42
Q

what does insecticide treated bed nets do

A

blocks/kills nocturnal endorphagic mosquitos
-reduce child mortality by 20%
-pitfalls: lack of or incorrect usage, holes

43
Q

what does indoor residual spraying do

A

kills endophagic mosquitos

44
Q

what does mass insecticide spraying do

A

exophagic mosquitoes and larvae

45
Q

DDT

A

the reason why we dont have malaria in the USA

46
Q

where does most drugs target

A

the blood stage of infection

47
Q

what other places does the drug target

A

liver ( hyponozoites)

48
Q

what is malaris

A

disease caused by single celled parasites of the plasmodium sp.
transmitted by mosquitoes

49
Q

symptoms of malaria

A

headache
fever
fatigue
back pain
chills
sweating
dry cough
spleen enlargement
nausea/vomiting

infectious disease (5 decks)

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