TT7 Review Flashcards
Mix & match Leukocytes - red blood cells/oxygen Erythrocytes- platelets Thrombocytes- cartilage cells Chondrocytes- white blood cells
Leukocytes- white blood cells
Erythrocytes- red blood cells/oxygenation
Thrombocytes- platelets
Chondrocytes- cartilage cells
James had remained reclined for the entirety of his massage treatment. When getting up and of the table James starts to experience some dizziness and lightheadness, this is caused by momentary drop in blood pressure. This change is adjusted by which part of his brain?
Medulla oblongata
What motor branch of the NS does this regulation of blood pressure belong to?
Autonomic NS
Functions of the blood label as either protective, regulatory or distributive? Oxygenation of tissues Body temp control Nutrients/ hormone transport Control of PH Removing waste Responding to & destroying pathogens
- distributive
- regulatory
- distributive
- regulatory
- distributive
- protective
Over time Gerry has developed chronic high blood pressure. Gerry’s doctor has linked this problem to the poor state of Gerry’s arteries! What kind of hypertension does Gerry suffer from?
Secondary hypertension
Describe primary hypertension
Idiopathic aka essential
Carlys blood vessels decided to go on a vacation and spontaneously all vasodilator at the same time. What type of pathology will Carly develop as an intermediate result of this decision?
Distributive shock
Bob loves living in the mountains his whole life. Oops bob has chronic hypoxia. When the doctor checks bobs blood cell levels they notice way to many cells present in his blood, what is the name of this condition
Polycytemia
What other circumstances lad to chronic hypoxia?
- cig smoking
- lung disease
- heart disease
List the types of distributive shock
- septic shock
- anaphylactic shock
- neurogenic
Describe type of distributive shock
Septic- bacterial toxins in blood stream causing shock
Anaphylactic- hypersensitivity reaction
Neurogenic- brain injury causing problems with Vasomotor tone
Mix and match Baroreceptor- temperature Chemoreceptors- vibration Thermoreceptors- pressure Mechanoreceptors- chemicals
Pressure
Chemicals
Temperature
Vibration
Mix and match Aortic valve/SL valve- right a/v valve Mitral valve- left ventricle Pulmonary valve/ SL valve- left a/v valve Tricuspid valve- right ventricle
Left ventricle
Left a/v valve
Right ventricle
Right a/v valve
Describe emboli & thrombi
Emboli- mobile blood clot/ obstruction (can be yellow bone marrow/fat, air or a blood clot)
Thrombi- stationary blood clot
Circulatory shock is caused by obstruction. List common areas where this obstruction could occur?
- vena cavea
- lungs
- heart
Which protein is important in maintaining osmotic pressure in the blood stream
Albumin
Where in the brain are the centres for breathing located?
Medulla oblogonta
What is the general function of veins/ arteries and their common pathologies respectively
Arteries:
Fxn: o2 distribution & remove waste
Path: atherosclerosis & arteriosclerosis
Veins:
Fxn: blood reservoir
Path: emboli/ thrombi & varicostites
It’s fxns of B lymphocytes
- involved in immediate hypersensitivity responses
- involved in Humoral immunity & immune responses
- target bacteria antigens
- part of the adaptive immune system/ 3rd line of defence
- create specific antibodies for the blood plasma in response to antigens that’s rent membrane bound (not attached to pathogenic cells)
List the 3 phases of hemostasis and describe them
Vasoplasm: vasoconstriction of affected bloood vessels
Platelet plug formation: thrombocytes aggregate at injury site until injury is sealed
Coagulation: fibrin clot/ mesh formation
Mix and match Dyspnea- foreign substance causes immune response Dysphagia- 3rd line of defence Antibody/lg- SOB Antigen- difficulty swallowing
Dyspnea- SOB
Dysphagia- difficulty swallowing
Antibody/lg- 3rd line of defence
Antigen- foreign substance causes immune response
What blood pressure reading is required to be considered hypertensive?
> 140/90 or greater
Define orthostatic hypotension
Low blood pressure that is the result of sudden body positional changes
Name the associated anemias
- iron- microcytic
- vit.b12- macrocytic
- abn hemoglobin- sickle cell Ed
- blood loos- hemorrhage
- hemotoxins- hemolytic
- bone marrow- aplastic
Low levels of circulating rbc’s does this constitute anemia yay or nay
Yay
Name an adaptation that allow capillaries to adjust BF
Precapillary
Sphincters
Which congenital disorder consists of 4 separate heart defects
Tetralogy of fallot
List congenital heart defect
- patent ductus arteriosus
- coarctation of the aorta
- tetralogy of fallot
Tunica media veins is thicker than that of arteries true or false
False
What does the Tuncia media contain
Smooth mm cells
Smooth mm cells describe the other 3 tunica
Tunica intima: endothelial layer only aka endothelialium
Tunica adventitia: outer layer of CT & having its own blood supply vasocasorum
Name the stage of cardiac mm action potential that only occurs with these type of cells
Plateau
What ion is associated with plateau
Calcium
List physiological processes in which calcium is required
- blood clotting
- neurotansmission
- mm contraction
- mineralization of bones
Define diastole & systole
Diastole: heart mm relaxed
Systole: heart mm contracted
The heart is Sadi to be autorhythmic in that it can generate its own rhythm. This generation of rhythm is known as the intrinsic mechanism. Can the nervous system affect this rhythm (what branch and how)
Yes- autonomic NS can- extrinsic mechanism
Parasymphatic- decrease HR & CO
Sympathetic- increase HR & CO & contractility
What is the main fxn of valves in the cardiovascular system
Prevent back flow
Name the largest distributive/ conducting artery supplying the body
Aorta
Mix and match Leukocytes- erythrocytes Thrombocytopenia- epidermis Distribution- phagocytes 2nd line of defence- thrombocytes 1st line of defence- leukocytes
Leukocytes- leukocytes Thrombocytopenia- thrombocytes Distribution- erythrocytes 2nd lien of defence- phagocytes 1st line of defence- epidermis
Mix and match Vasodilation- av valves close Lub- deoxygenated blood from body to heart Vasoconstriction- oxygenated blood Venae cavae- SL valves close Dub- increase in BF Pulmonary veins- decrease in BF
Vasodilation- increase in BF Lub- av valves close Vasoconstriction- decrease in BF Venae cavae- deoxygenated blood from body to heart Dub- SL valves close Pulmonary veins- oxygenated blood
Define erythropoiesis
Creation of RBC’s from hemcytoblasts
Describe the pulmonary circulation
Pulmonary arteries/ trunk caries deoxygenated blood > lung capillaries for oxygenation/ gas exchange > pulmonary vein cries oxygenated blood back to the L atria
Compare and contrast hemophilia & anemia
Hemophilia: inadequate blood clotting proteins in blood
Anemia: blood has unusually low oxygen carrying capacity often due to malformed hemoglobin or low levels of rbc’s- this is a symptom of homeostatic imbalance
Mix and match Tachycardia- difficulty breathing Bradycardia- blood clotting Dyspnea- slow heart rate Hemostasis- fast heart rate
Tachycardia- fast heart rate
Bradycardia- slow heart rate
Dyspnea- difficulty breathing
Hemostasis- blood clotting
Out body recycles all of hemoglobin molecules true or false
False
What part of hemoglobin is a waste product
Bilirubin
Where RBCs go to die
Spleen
Jimmy got exposed to a pathogen, luckily jimmys immune system was in top shape when this happened and he did not get sick. What kind of immunity did jimmy acquire through this interspecies interaction
Active- naturally acquired
Provide an example of artificially acquired active immunity
Vaccination
Provide examples of naturally & artificially acquired passive immunity
Na+: antibodies from the placenta/ uterus, antibodies in breast milk
Art: immune serums
Mix and match IgE- breast milk IgG- allergies IgA- HUGE IgM- crosses placenta
igE- allergies
IgG- crosses placenta
IgA- breast milk
IgM- HUGE
B lymphocytes mainly target
Bacteria
What do T lymphocytes mainly target? Membrane bound antigens
Viral infected cells or cancer cells, they are involved in cellular immunity
List the three types of capillaries from least to most permeable
- continuous
- Fenestrated
- sinsoidal
List the characteristics of erythrocytes
- Amitotic
- very few mitochondria/ no organelles- anaerobic glycolysis
- lots of hemoglobin
- biconcave shape
List autoimmune disorder
- multiple sclerosis
- systemic lupus erythematousus
- rheumatoid arthritis
