TS and PS

Question 1

What is the equation for TVA by Continuity?

Answer 1

CSA(rvot)xVTI(rvot) / TS jet VTI = TVA cm2

may also use the velocities as ratios are the same

Question 2

What are the severity grades of TS by TVA?

Answer 2

5-8cm2 = Normal

< 2cm2 is severe

Question 3

What are the grades of severity based on Mean Pressure Gradient?

Answer 3

< 2mmHg = Mild
2-5mmHg = Moderate
> 6mmHg= Severe

Question 4

What is the equation for TVA by PHT?

Answer 4

190/PHT = TVAcm2

Question 5

What is the equation for TVA by PISA?

Answer 5

6.28 x r2 x aliasing velocity / TS velocity = TVA cm2

Question 6

What are the severity grades for PS based on PEP?

Answer 6

Normal
PEP/ET = < 0.34
AT/ET = > 0.36

Abnormal
PEP/ET = 0.34
AT/ET = 0.36

Question 7

What are the grades of severity for PVA?

Answer 7

> 1.0cm2 = Mild PS
0.5 - 1.0cm2 = Moderate PS
< 0.5cm2 = Severe PS

Question 8

What are grades of severity for Pk Pressure Gradient in PS?

Answer 8

< 30mmHg = Mild
30-64mmHg = Moderate
> 64mmHg = Severe

Question 9

What are some etiologies for TS?

Answer 9

Ebsteins
RDH
Vegetations
Tricuspid Atresia
Cardiac Tumors
Clots
Endocardial Fibroelastosis

Question 10

What is the character of the murmur in TS?

Answer 10

Crescendo-decrescendo with Presystolic accentuation and an opening snap.

Question 11

What is the correlation of TAPSE to RV EF%?

Answer 11

EF - TAPSE
50% - 20mm 
40% - 15mm
30% - 10mm
20% -  5mm

Question 12

What abnormal M-Mode finding will you make with PS

Answer 12

Increased A wave or mid-systolic notching (Flying W)