AI Quiz

Question 1

What are the tissue layers of the aortic valve?

Answer 1

Fibrosa: the aortic side of the cusp
Spongiosa: the middle layer, the body of the cusp.
Ventricularis: the Ventricular side of the cusp.

Question 2

What types of cells compose the tissue of the aortic valve?

Answer 2

Collogen, Fibrinogen and Elastin- -providing tensile strength.

Question 3

what is the basic cross sectional anatomy of the aorta?

Answer 3

Tunica Adventitia
Tunica Media
Tunica Intima

Question 4

What are the regions of measurement for the aortic valve?

Answer 4

LVOT: measure the diameter at the insertion of the valve cusps.
AO at the Sinuses: Measure the diameter of the sinuses of Valsalva
ST Junction: Measure the diameter of the sinotubular junction.
Ascending Aorta: Measure the diameter of the Aorta distal to the ST Junction
Aortic Arch
Descending AO

Question 5

List some causes of Aortic Regurgitation

Answer 5

congenital aortic valve disease; bicuspid
hypertension
rheumatic fever
infective endocarditis
Marfan Syndrome
ankylosing spondylitis
adult degenerative disease
trauma
rheumatoid arthristis
syphilis
aortic dissection 
membraneous subaortic stenosis
anarexogens: fenfen

Question 6

What is the Nl for the Aortic anulus?

Answer 6

2.0-3.1 cm

Question 7

What is the Nl for the sinuses of Valsalva?

Answer 7

2.9-4.5 cm

Question 8

What is the Nl for the sinotubular junction?

Answer 8

2.2-3.6 cm

Question 9

What is the Nl for the ascending Ao?

Answer 9

2.2-3.6 cm

Question 10

What is the Nl for the Ao arch?

Answer 10

2.2-3.6 cm

Question 11

What is the Nl for the descending AO?

Answer 11

2.0-3.0 cm

Question 12

What are the grades of AI based on Vena Contracta

Answer 12

< 3mm = Mild
4-5mm = Moderate
>6mm = Severe

Question 13

What are the grades of AI based on jet height in LVOT?

Answer 13

Grade 1+ -Mild = < 4mm
Grade 2+ Moderate = 4-7mm
Grade 3+ Moderate/Severe = 8-10mm
Grade 4+ Severe = > 10mm

Question 14

What are the grades of AI based on RJA/LVOT area?

Answer 14

Grade 1+ -Mild = < 4%
Grade 2+ Moderate = 4-24%
Grade 3+ Moderate/Severe = 25-59%
Grade 4+ Severe = > 60%

Question 15

What are the 4 quantitative methods of grading AI by ColorFlow?

Answer 15

• measure Vena Contracta (mild, moderate, severe)
• measure the height of the Jet ( grade + mild, moderate,moderate to severe, severe)
• Divide the jet width by LVOT width
• Evaluate length of jet in LV

Question 16

What are the grades of AI based on jet length in LV?

Answer 16

Mild 1+ = narrow jet in LVOT
Moderate 2+ = Jet extends to MV leaflet tips
Mod/Severe 3+ = Jet extends to Pap level
Severe 4+ = Jet extends into apical level.

Question 17

What are the PHT Ranges for AI?

Answer 17

Mild > 500m/s
Moderate = 350-500 m/s
Mod/Severe = 200-350 m/s
Severe = < 200 m/s
The greater the insufficiency, the faster the pressure half time.

Question 18

What Doppler changes will manifest with AI?

Answer 18

Increased LVOT velocity > 1.5 m/s
Increased LVOT VTI > 40cm
MV decel time < 150ms

Question 19

What are the grades of AI based on ERO?

Answer 19

Mild = < 0.1cm2
Moderate = 0.1 - 0.3cm2
Severe = > 0.3cm2

Question 20

What are the grades of AI based on Regurgitant Volume (RV)?

Answer 20

Mild = < 30cc
Moderate 30-50cc
Severe > 60cc

Question 21

What are the grades of AI based on RF%?

Answer 21

Mild = < 30%
Moderate 30-50%
Severe > 50%

Question 22

What is the equation for RVar?

Answer 22

RVar = SV (lvot) - SV (mv)

Question 23

What is the equation for RF%ar?

Answer 23

RFar = RV / SV (lvot)

Question 24

what is the equation for ERO using Ar VTI?

Answer 24

ERO = RV / AI jet VTI

Question 25

What is the hallmark of AI by Color flow exam?

Answer 25

abnormal turbulent (mosaic) diastolic LVOT color flow signal.

Question 26

Describe the Murmur of AI

Answer 26

Soft blowing decrescendo diastolic murmur