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ANAT2029 > Trunk and Neck > Flashcards

Trunk and Neck Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of cervical spine vertebrae

A

Vertabral body: Small, Uncinate processes present on lateral / posterolateral aspect of the superior vertebral body
Transverse Process: Short *Transverse foramen present for vertebral artery & vein *Anterior & posterior tubercles present for muscle attachment and spinal nerve pathway
Spinous Process: *Bifid for ligamentum nuchae / muscle attachment

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of Thoracic Vertebrae

A

Body: Medium-sized body, Wedge Shaped and anterior height smaller then posterior, Small round foramen, Dermifacets on body to articulate with ribs
Transverse processes: Articular facets on transverse process for ribs
Spinous process: Long downwards pointing spinous process.

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of Lumbar vertebrae

A

Body: Large vertabral body with flat superior and inferior surfaces for weight bearing
Spinous processes: thick and blunt

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4
Q

Why is it so important to diagnose and treat a fracture of the dens?

A

Spinal Stability: Dens fracture can compromise stability of the cervical spine.
Neurological Complications: Fracture can compress or injure spinal cord or nerves.
Impaired Neck Movement: Fracture can limit neck mobility rotation, flexion and extension

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5
Q

Which 2 ligaments provide crucial stability to the upper cervical spine?

A

Transverse ligament of atlas, Alar ligaments

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6
Q

What are uncinate processes and what is their impact on movements in the subaxial cervical spine?

A

Bony prominences / projecting edges on the lateral or posterolateral margins of the superior endplates of C3-C7. It contributes to the spinal motion segments mobility and stability and protect the intervertebral foramen contents from herniated disc material.

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7
Q

What alignment are the articular processes on the C3-C7 cervical spine and what movements do they restrict

A

Alignment: Aligned approximately in the coronal plane, Inclined 45 degrees from the transverse plane
Movements allowed: All

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8
Q

What alignment are the articular processes on the thoracic vertebrae and what movements do they allow/restrict

A

Alignment: Aligned approximately in the coronal plane, 60-80 degree incline from the transverse plane.
Movements Allowed: Axial rotation & lateral flexion

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9
Q

What alignment are the articular processes on the lumbar vertebrae and what movements do they allow/restrict

A

Alignemnt: Sagittal plane and they are vertical
Movements allowed: Flexion and Extension

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10
Q

How does intervertebral disc height: vertebral body height affect vertebral motion segment mobility?

A

The ratio of intervertebral disc height to vertebral body height is directly related to mobility, For example, the ratio is smallest in the thoracic region … lower mobility

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11
Q

Describe what is meant by “coupled movements” and how this applies to the sub-axial cervical spine.

A
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12
Q

Which sub-axial cervical motion segment/s typically has/have the greatest mobility?

A

C3-C7

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13
Q

Which vertebral levels correspond to the following palpable bony landmarks?

Iliac crest —>
Posterior Superior Illiac Spine –>

A

Iliac crest —> L4-L5
Posterior Superior Illiac Spine –> S2

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14
Q

Explain the mechanism causing a pars interarticularis defect on an L5 vertebra.

A

They have an extra spinous process that can dig into the pedicles of the vertebrae below under compression and extension.

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15
Q

Define spondylosis and spondylolisthesis

A

Spondylolysis is a defect in pars interatricularis
Spondylolisthesis is a forward translation of superior vertebrae relative to the inferior vertebrae (full bylateral fracture of the pars interarticularis) Most common at L4-L5

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16
Q

Where does isthmic spondylolisthesis occur

A

isthmic spondylolisthesis occurs as a result of a pars interarticularis defect at L5,S1

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17
Q

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18
Q

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19
Q

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20
Q

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21
Q

Which Vessel does the vertebral artery arise from?

A

Subclavian

22
Q

What do the left and right vertebral arteries form

A

The left and right vertebral arteries join to form the basilar artery

23
Q

Name the attachements, actions and innervation of Sternocleidomastoid

A

Sternocleidomastoid
-mastoid process
-sternum & clavicle
CNXI (spinal root of
accessory)

Bilateral Actions:
Neck flexion
Unilateral Actions:
Ipsilateral lateral flexion

24
Q

Name the attachements, actions and innervation of upper Trapezius

A

Trapezius (upper fibres) nuchal lines, external occipital protuberance & ligamentum nuchae to lateral 1/3 clavicle
Bilateral: E of head & neck
Unilateral: ipsilateral LF of head & neck; contralateral rot’n
Innervation: Motor – CNXI (spinal root of accessory)

24
Q

Name the attachements, actions and innervation of Levator Scap

A

Attachments: C1-4 transverse processes to medial angle of scapula
Actions: Bilateral - Extension of head and neck
Unilateral - Ipsilateral lateral flexion of neck, ipsilateral rotation of neck.

25
Q

Name the attachements, actions and innervation of Longus Capatis

A

Proximal Attachment: Anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the third to sixth cervical vertebrae (C3-C6).
Distal Attachment: Basilar part of the occipital bone
Innervation: Anterior rami of the cervical spinal nerves, specifically the branches from C1-C4.
Action:
Bilateral Contraction - Neck Flexion
Unilateral Contraction - Ipsilateral flexion of the neck

26
Q

Name the attachments, action and innervation of Longus coli (cervicis)

A

Attachments:
Lower part = upper thoracic vertebral bodies – lower cervical transverse processes
Vertical part = lower cervical vert bodies – mid cervical vert bodies
Upper part = mid cervical transverse processes – upper cervical vertebral bodies
Innervation: Anterior rami of the cervical spinal nerves (C2-C6)
Action:
Lower Part: Flexes and assists in lateral flexion of the cervical spine.
Vertical Part: Flexes and laterally flexes the cervical spine.
Upper Part: Assists in flexion and rotation of the cervical spine.

27
Q

What are the differences between longus cervices and longus capitis

A

Longus cervicus primarily acts on the spine whereas the capitis acts on the head

28
Q

Name the attachements, actions and innervation of the scalene muscles

A

Attachments:
Anterior - Cervical transverse processes – anterior 1st rib
Middle - Cervical transverse processes – Lateral 1st rib
Posterior - Cervical transverse processes – posterior 1st rib
Innervation: C3-C8
Actions: B: neck F
U: ipsilateral LF (Anterior scalene also contralaterally rotates)

29
Q

What bony features of C1 & C2 provide
increased moment arms?
* C1:
* C2:

A

C1:
Anterior tubercle: Provides a point of attachment for various muscles and ligaments, allowing for increased leverage during movements of the head and neck.
Posterior tubercle: Similar to the anterior tubercle, it serves as an attachment point for muscles and ligaments, contributing to increased moment arms.
C2:
Dens: This is a bony projection of C2 that extends upward and serves as a pivot point for rotational movements of the head and neck. Its location and structure provide increased leverage for rotation.

30
Q

Which of the 4 muscles is best aligned to produce rotation of the head & C1 on C2?

A

1 rectus capitis posterior minor
2 rectus capitis posterior major
3 obliquus capitis superior
4 obliquus capitis inferior

31
Q

What innervates transversospinales?

A

dorsal rami of the spinal nerves.

32
Q

Which muscles are superficial to semispinalis capitis and cervicis?

A

splenius capitis and splenius cervicis muscles.

33
Q

What structure is immediately superficial to lumbar multifidus?

A

The Erector Spinae group

34
Q

What bony landmarks would you use to guide your palpation of lumbar multifidus?

A

The spinous processes

35
Q

To what vertebral structure do the pars lumborum muscles attach to superiorly?

A

The pars lumborum muscles attach superiorly to the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae.

36
Q

Which three muscles work together to produce right cervical rotation? Explain their actions

A

Right Sternocleidomastoid: It originates from the mastoid process of the temporal bone and inserts on the sternum and clavicle. Its action is to rotate the head to the opposite side (left rotation) and tilt it to the same side (right lateral flexion).

Right Splenius Capitis: It originates from the lower part of the ligamentum nuchae and the spinous processes of the upper thoracic vertebrae, and inserts on the mastoid process and occipital bone. Its action is to rotate the head to the same side (right rotation) and extend the head and neck.

Left Rectus Capitis Posterior Major: It originates from the spinous process of the axis (C2) and inserts on the occipital bone. Its action is to rotate the head to the same side (right rotation) and extend the head and neck.

37
Q

What is the effect of contraction of the diaphragm on the volume of the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

Contracts the diaphram, increases the space in the abodminopelvic region.

38
Q

How can the diaphragm contribute to postural stability?

A

Stabilises the thoracic and lumbar spine

39
Q

How does respiratory drive affect the postural activity of the diaphragm?

A

Increasing intrabdominal pressure can aid in stabilisation of the lumbar and thoracic spine.

40
Q

Explain the action of psoas major on the lumbar vertebral column:

A

The psoas major muscle acts on the lumbar vertebral column by flexing the trunk forward, laterally flexing the spine, and assisting in stabilizing the lumbar spine during movements such as walking and standing.

41
Q

Explain the unilateral action of quadratus lumborum

A

The unilateral action of the quadratus lumborum muscle involves laterally flexing the spine to the same side and assisting in stabilizing the lumbar spine during movements such as bending sideways or carrying a load on one side of the body. (LATERAL FLEXION)

42
Q

Which are the most powerful flexors of the thoracolumbar spine?

A

The rectus abdominis as it has such a large moment arm. Also psoas major

43
Q

Which are the most powerful rotators of the trunk?

A

external oblique muscles and the internal oblique muscles. These muscles work together on each side of the trunk to produce rotation. When the muscles on one side contract, they rotate the trunk to the opposite side (Contralateral flexion)\

44
Q

Is the posterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia a different to the erector spinae aponeurosis?

A

No

45
Q

What are the functions of the thoracolumbar fascia?

A

Serves as a major muscle attachment site, support and force transfer

46
Q

What structure forms the inguinal ligament

A

The inguinal ligament is formed by a thickened lower border of the external oblique aponeurosis.

47
Q

What is the inguinal CANAL, and what are its two openings

A

The inguinal canal is a passage in the lower abdominal wall that extends from the deep inguinal ring to the superficial inguinal ring. It is located in the groin region and serves as a pathway for structures passing between the abdominal cavity and the external genitalia

48
Q

What is an inguinal HERNIA? What manoeuvre would make it obvious

A

Intra abdominal contents being pushed through the ingrinal canal. Usually due to increased intraabdominal pressure

ANAT2029 (5 decks)

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