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ANAT2029 > Pelvic Girdle + Lowerlimb > Flashcards

Pelvic Girdle + Lowerlimb Flashcards

1
Q

Define femoral anteversion. What is the normal adult value?

A

Femoral anteversion is the transverse plane alignment of the femur (the angle between the neck of the femur and the femoral condyles) Normal angle is 15 degrees

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2
Q

Name these ligaments

A
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3
Q

Name these ligaments

A
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4
Q

Name these ligaments

A
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5
Q

Define sacral nutation and counter nutation

A

Body weight forces the base of the sacrum anteriorly & inferiorly
à apex posteriorly & superiorly = anterior tilt of sacrum relative to ilium = sacral nutation

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6
Q

When can you expect to see sacral nutation

A

nutation is increased in:
- weight-bearing positions
(standing & sitting)
- lying prone versus supine
- max hip flexion in lying

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7
Q

Fill in the blanks

A
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8
Q

Define the normal angle of inclination of the femur. What is the normal adult value?

A
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9
Q

Define Coxa Valga and Coxa Vera and the possible concequences

A

Coxa Vara:
- Altered gait - changes in the biomechanics of walking
- Hip Instability - Increased angle causes reduced stability in the hip joint
- Hip degeneration
Coxa Valga
- Altered gait - usually seen as waddling or limp
- Hip Instability - Increased angle causes reduced stability in the hip joint
- Hip degeneration
- Increased fracture risk

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10
Q

Name the ligaments

A
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11
Q

Write out this table

A
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12
Q

In what position are all the ligaments of the hip taut?

A

Extension

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13
Q

Name the ligaments

A
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14
Q

If you had an intra-articular hip pathology (i.e. increase synovial fluid inside the capsule), what hip position would you adopt?

A

45 Degree Flexion

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15
Q

Which of the 3 ligaments (Iliofemoral, ischiofemoral, pubofemoral) provide greatest restraint to anterior translation of the femoral head in hip extension?

A

Iliofemoral (Its on the anterior side)

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16
Q

Which 2 movements move the head of the femur deeper into the acetabulum?

A

Hip Abduction and Extension

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17
Q

Which end of range movement could impinge the anterior femur on the anterior acetabulum?

A

Full Hip Flexion

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18
Q

Which 3 muscles are the most appropriate choice for performing hip flexion?

A

the iliopsoas, rectus femoris, and sartorius, are considered the primary hip flexors due to their anatomical orientation, size, and moment arm.

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19
Q

Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Psoas major

A

Proximal Attachment: Lumbar vertebrae (T12-L5)
Distal Attachment: Lesser trochanter of the femur
Innervation: Femoral nerve (L2-L4)
Action: Hip flexion, stabilization of the lumbar spine, posture maintenance.

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20
Q

Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Illiacus

A

Proximal Attachment: Iliac fossa of the pelvis
Distal Attachment: Lesser trochanter of the femur
Innervation: Femoral nerve (L2-L4)
Action: Hip flexion, assists in stabilizing the hip joint

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21
Q

Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Tensor Fasica Lata

A

Proximal Attachment: Anterior iliac crest and anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) of the pelvis
Distal Attachment: Iliotibial tract (IT band) on the lateral aspect of the knee
Innervation: Superior gluteal nerve (L4-S1)
Action: Hip flexion, hip abduction, and assists in knee extension and stabilization of the knee

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22
Q

Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Sartorious

A

Proximal Attachment: Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) of the pelvis
Distal Attachment: Medial surface of the tibia (near the pes anserinus)
Innervation: Femoral nerve (L2-L4)
Action: Hip flexion, hip abduction, hip external rotation, knee flexion, and assists in leg crossing (sitting in a cross-legged position)

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23
Q

Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Rectus Femoris

A

Proximal Attachment: Anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS) of the pelvis
Distal Attachment: Patella and tibial tuberosity via the quadriceps tendon
Innervation: Femoral nerve (L2-L4)
Action: Hip flexion and knee extension

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24
Q

Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Adductor Longus

A

Proximal Attachment: Pubic bone
Distal Attachment: Middle third of the linea aspera on the posterior femur
Innervation: Obturator nerve (L2-L4)
Action: Hip adduction, assists in hip flexion and hip internal rotation

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25
Q

Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Pectineus

A

Proximal Attachment: Pectineal line of the pubis
Distal Attachment: Proximal part of the linea aspera on the posterior femur
Innervation: Femoral nerve (L2-L3) and obturator nerve (L2-L3)
Action: Hip flexion, hip adduction, and assists in hip internal rotation

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26
Q

Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Adductor Brevis

A

Proximal Attachment: Pubic bone
Distal Attachment: Linea aspera on the posterior femur (between the pectineus and adductor magnus)
Innervation: Obturator nerve (L2-L4)
Action: Hip adduction, assists in hip flexion, and assists in hip internal rotation

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27
Q

Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Adductor Magnus

A

Proximal Attachment: Inferior ramus of the pubis and ischial tuberosity
Distal Attachment: Linea aspera on the posterior femur (divides into two parts: adductor and hamstring portions)
Innervation: Obturator nerve (L2-L4) and sciatic nerve (tibial division) (L4-S3)
Action: Hip adduction, hip extension, and assists in hip flexion

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28
Q

Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Gracillis

A

Proximal Attachment: Inferior ramus of the pubis
Distal Attachment: Medial surface of the tibia (near the pes anserinus)
Innervation: Obturator nerve (L2-L4)
Action: Hip adduction, assists in hip flexion, assists in knee flexion, and assists in hip internal rotation

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29
Q

Which adductor muscle is a hip extensor irrespective of hip flexion position?

A

Adductor Magnus

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30
Q

Explain why biceps femoris long head, semitendinosus and semimembranosus can adduct the hip

A

When the hip is in a flexed position, the orientation of the hamstring muscles allows them to generate an adducting force.

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31
Q

Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Gluteus Maximus

A

Proximal Attachment: Posterior iliac crest, sacrum, and coccyx
Distal Attachment: Gluteal tuberosity of the femur and iliotibial tract (IT band)
Innervation: Inferior gluteal nerve (L5-S2)
Action: Hip extension, hip external rotation, and hip adduction (posterior fibers)

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32
Q

Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Biceps Femoris Long Head

A

Proximal Attachment: Ischial tuberosity
Distal Attachment: Head of the fibula
Innervation: Sciatic nerve (long head) (L5-S2)
Action: Hip extension, knee flexion, and external rotation of the lower leg (long head)

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33
Q

Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Semitendinosis

A

Proximal Attachment: Ischial tuberosity
Distal Attachment: Medial surface of the upper tibia
Innervation: Sciatic nerve (tibial division) (L5-S2)
Action: Hip extension, knee flexion, and internal rotation of the lower leg

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34
Q

Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Semimembranosis

A

Proximal Attachment: Ischial tuberosity
Distal Attachment: Medial condyle of the tibia
Innervation: Sciatic nerve (tibial division) (L5-S2)
Action: Hip extension, knee flexion, and internal rotation of the lower leg

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35
Q

Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Gluteus Medius

A

Proximal Attachment: External surface of the ilium (between the posterior and anterior gluteal lines)
Distal Attachment: Greater trochanter of the femur
Innervation: Superior gluteal nerve (L4-S1)
Action: Hip abduction, hip internal rotation, and assists in hip stabilization during gait

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36
Q

Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Adductor Magnus

A

Proximal Attachment: Inferior ramus of the pubis and ischial tuberosity
Distal Attachment: Linea aspera on the posterior femur (adductor portion) and adductor tubercle (hamstring portion)
Innervation: Obturator nerve (adductor portion) (L2-L4) and sciatic nerve (hamstring portion) (tibial division) (L4-S3)
Action: Hip adduction, hip extension, and assists in hip flexion

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37
Q

Which 4 muscles produce the greatest hip extension torque? Explain why.

A

Gluteus Maximus, Long head biceps femoris, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus. This is due to their moment arm and relatively large PSCA

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38
Q

Portions of a large muscle may have different actions. How does this apply to the action of gluteus maximus in the coronal plane?

A

The superior fibers of the gluteus maximus, which are more laterally located, contribute to hip abduction in the coronal plane.

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39
Q

Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Gemellus Superior

A

Proximal Attachment: Ischial spine
Distal Attachment: Greater trochanter of the femur
Innervation: Nerve to obturator internus (L5-S2)
Action: Hip external rotation, assists in hip abduction and stabilization

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40
Q

Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of obturator internus

A

Proximal Attachment: Internal surface of the obturator membrane and surrounding bone
Distal Attachment: Medial surface of the greater trochanter of the femur
Innervation: Nerve to obturator internus (L5-S2)
Action: Hip external rotation, assists in hip abduction and stabilization

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41
Q

Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Gemellus Inferior

A

Proximal Attachment: Internal surface of the obturator membrane and surrounding bone
Distal Attachment: Medial surface of the greater trochanter of the femur
Innervation: Nerve to obturator internus (L5-S2)
Action: Hip external rotation, assists in hip abduction and stabilization

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42
Q

Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Quadratus Femoris

A

Proximal Attachment: Lateral margin of the ischial tuberosity
Distal Attachment: Quadrate tubercle on the intertrochanteric crest of the femur
Innervation: Nerve to quadratus femoris (L5-S1)
Action: Hip external rotation, assists in hip adduction and stabilization

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43
Q

Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Obturator Externus

A

Proximal Attachment: External surface of the obturator membrane and surrounding bone
Distal Attachment: Trochanteric fossa of the femur
Innervation: Obturator nerve (L3-L4)
Action: Hip external rotation, assists in hip abduction and stabilization

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44
Q

Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Glute Minimus

A

Proximal Attachment: External surface of the ilium (between the anterior and inferior gluteal lines)
Distal Attachment: Greater trochanter of the femur
Innervation: Superior gluteal nerve (L4-S1)
Action: Hip abduction, hip internal rotation, and hip external rotation (anterior fibers)

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45
Q

Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Sartorius

A

Proximal Attachment: Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)
Distal Attachment: Medial surface of the tibia (pes anserinus)
Innervation: Femoral nerve (L2-L3)
Action: Hip flexion, hip abduction, hip external rotation, and knee flexion

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46
Q

how do Glute med, Glute min and tensor fascia latte control lateral tilt during gait training

A

The gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and tensor fasciae latae (TFL) work together to control pelvic lateral tilt during gait. They contract to stabilize the pelvis on the side opposite to the stance leg, preventing excessive drop and maintaining a level pelvis, ensuring proper alignment and smooth movement.

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47
Q

Are there any muscles at the hip that’s primary action is medial rotation

A

No, however anterior glute med is the strongest, along with anterior glute minimus, illiopsoas, adductor longus and semimembranosis

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48
Q

How does Gluteus Medius action change with flexion?

A

Action can change with different joint positions. In neutral standing, it primarily abducts the hip. During hip flexion, it also assists in hip internal rotation.

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49
Q

Name the muscles

A
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50
Q

Fill in the blanks

A
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51
Q

What is the deep fascia of the thigh called?

A

Fascia Lata

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52
Q

Name this ligament

A
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53
Q

What are the borders of the femoral triangle:

A

Base - Inguinal Ligament
Lateral Border - Medial edge of sartorius
Medial Boarder - Medial edge of adductor longus

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54
Q

Note the contents of the femoral triangle from medial to lateral:

A

Femoral Vein
Femoral Artery
Femoral Nerve

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55
Q

What muscle is immediately lateral to the femoral nerve?

A

Iliopsoas

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56
Q

Fill in the blanks

A
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57
Q

Which nerve exits superior to piriformis and what does it innerviate?

A

Superior gluteal nerve, L4, L5 . It innervates the Glute medius, Glute minimus and tensor faciae latae

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58
Q

Which nerve exits superior to piriformis and what does it innerviate?

A

inferior gluteal nerve, L5, S1,S2, it innervates Gluteus maximus

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59
Q

Name this muscle

A

Popliteus

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60
Q

What muscle connects to the iliotibial tract?

A

Tensor Fascia Latae

61
Q

Name this muscle

A

Biceps femoris

62
Q

Name this Muscle

A

Adductor Brevis

63
Q

Observe the difference in the anterior-posterior length of the articular surface of the lateral versus the medial femoral condyle. What affect does this have on tibiofemoral joint movement?

A

The articular surface of the medial femoral condyle is larger which causes medial rotation, this locks the knee in place (à screw-home mechanism)

64
Q

Observe the shape (anterior versus posterior portions) of the femoral condyles. How does the shape affect stability in knee extension (standing) versus knee flexion?

A

In knee extension, the femoral condyles have a rounded shape for stability and even force distribution. In knee flexion, the posterior condyles become more concave to provide a better fit and prevent instability.

65
Q

Does the lateral femoral condyle provide some resistance to lateral displacement of the patella?

A

Yes

66
Q

Review Frontal Plane Alignment and their normal angles:

A
67
Q

Fill in the blanks

A
68
Q

Fill in the blanks

A
69
Q

What are the functions of the tibiofemoral Menisci

A

To increase surface area allowing for more articulation. This increases joint stability.

70
Q

Which meniscus is smaller and what are the concequences of this?

A

The medial meniscus is less mobile and more prone to injury. Its limited mobility can lead to symptoms and difficulties in knee function.

71
Q

What is the biomechanical function of the patella?

A

Increases the moment arm for the quadriceps tendon giving it greater torque at the knee

72
Q

Which is the most common direction of deviation / subluxation / dislocation of the patella? Why?

A

Non-contract: Twisting of the leg, with internal rotation of the femur on a fixed foot and tibia
Often associated with valgus stress (strong lateral force then dislocates the patella)

73
Q

Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Vastus lateralis

A

Proximal Attachment: Lateral intertrochanteric line, linea aspera, greater trochanter, and gluteal tuberosity
Distal Attachment: Patella and tibial tubercle
Innervation: Femoral Nerve (L2-L4)
Action/s: Knee Extension

74
Q

Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Vastus medialis longus

A

Proximal Attachment: Medial intertrochanteric line and linea aspera, pectineal line, and medial supracondylar line
Distal Attachment: Patella and tibial tubercle
Innervation: Femoral Nerve (L2-L4)
Action/s: Knee Extension

75
Q

Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Vastus Medialis Obliquus

A

Proximal Attachment: Adductor magnus tendon
Distal Attachment: Patella and tibial tubercle
Innervation: Femoral Nerve (L2-L4)
Action/s: Knee Extension

76
Q

Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of vastus intermedius

A

Proximal Attachment: Upper 2/3 of anterolateral femur
Distal Attachment: Patella and tibial tubercle
Innervation: Femoral Nerve (L2-L4)
Action/s: Knee Extension

77
Q

What is the Q angle and what is its significance

A

The Q angle or Quadraceps Angle is the resultant force of the quadriceps acts along the axis of the femur and is resisted by the patellar tendon tension. It normally diverges 15Degrees

78
Q

How do you identify the adductor longus

A

it has a prominent tendon palpable close to pubic symphysis.

79
Q

Only one muscle of the medial thigh crosses the knee joint – which one?

A

The Gracilis muscle

80
Q

Which muscle contains the adductor hiatus?

A

The muscle that contains the adductor hiatus is the adductor magnus.

81
Q

What passes through the adductor hiatus?

A

The femoral artery and femoral vein and saphenous vein.

82
Q

How do the posterior thigh muscles produce knee rotation

A

When the knee is flexed, the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus muscles act as internal rotators of the knee. They create a medial rotation force on the tibia, causing the lower leg to rotate inward. When the knee is extended, these muscles can act as external rotators of the knee. They produce a lateral rotation force on the tibia, causing the lower leg to rotate outward.

83
Q

Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Gastrocnemius

A

Proximal Attachment: Medial head: just proximal to medial femoral condyle
Lateral head: lateral femoral condyle
Distal Attachment: Calcaneus via the Achilles tendon
Innervation: Tibial nerve (S1-S2)
Action: Plantar flexion of the foot and flexion of the knee

84
Q

Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Plantaris

A

Proximal Attachment: Lateral supracondylar line & oblique popliteal ligament
Distal Attachment: Posterior calcaneus
Innervation: Tibial nerve (S1-S2)
Action: Assists in plantar flexion of the foot and flexion of the knee

85
Q

Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of popliteus

A

Proximal Attachment: Lateral Femoral Condyle
Distal Attachment: Posterior proximal tibia
Innervation: Tibial nerve (L4-S1)
Action: Performs LR of femur on tibia; resists LR of tibia on femur

86
Q

Which Muscles cause Extension of the knee

A

Quadriceps femoris (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis and vastus intermedius) assisted by tensor fasciae latae

87
Q

What muscles cause flexion of the knee?

A

Biceps femoris, semitendinosus and semimembranosus; initiated by popliteus; assisted by gracilis and sartorius

88
Q

What muscles cause medial rotation of the TIbia

A

Popliteus, semimembranosus and semitendinosus, assisted by sartorius and gracilis.

89
Q

What muscles cause lateral rotation of the Tibia

A

Biceps femoris

90
Q

What active and Passive structures provide resistance for anterior translation of tibia on femur

A

ACL, Menisci, Hamstrings

91
Q

What active and Passive structures provide resistance for Posterior translation of tibia on femur

A

Posterior cruciate ligament, Menisci, Quadraceps femoris muscles

92
Q

What active and Passive structures provide resistance for Tibiofemoral Valgus

A

width of TF jt; TCL superficial*>deep, ACL, (PCL, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, sartorius, gracilis)

93
Q

What active and Passive structures provide resistance for Tibiofemoral Varus

A

Width of the TF Joint, medial collateral ligament, (Joint capsule and surrounding ligaments)

94
Q

What active and Passive structures provide resistance for internal rotation of knee

A

0-30F = ACL, > 30F = ALL, (menisci, biceps femoris)

95
Q

What active and Passive structures provide resistance for external rotation

A

0-30F = PCL, > 30F = ALL, (menisci, biceps femoris)

96
Q

What is the adductor Canal

A

a fascial canal extending from the apex of the femoral triangle (which points inferiorly) to the adductor hiatus

97
Q

What is the Adductor Hiatus

A

An opening in the distal part of adductor magnus. The femoral artery and vein travel through the adductor hiatus becoming the popliteal vessels past this point.

98
Q

What does the femoral nerve supply before entering the thigh

A

Branches to the iliacus and pectineus

99
Q

Which nerve supplies most of the adductor muscles and skin on the medial aspect of the thigh.

A

Obturator

100
Q

Where does the sciatic nerve enter:

A

o lateral to the ischial tuberosity
o superficial to adductor magnus
o deep to long head biceps femoris

101
Q

What does the sciatic nerve split into:

A

Tibial nerve - Innervates all muscles in the posterior thigh except biceps fem short head
COMMON FIBULAR NERVE - Innervates biceps femoris short head

102
Q

What is the popliteal fossa, What makes up its boundry and what passes through it:

A

A diamond shaped space posterior to the knee.
BOUNDRY’s
Superolateral: Biceps femoris (long head)
Superomedial: Semitendinosus and semimembranosus
Inferolateral: Lateral head of the gastrocnemius
Inferomedial: Medial head of the gastrocnemius
CONTENTS:
Common fibular (peroneal) nerve:
Popliteal artery
Popliteal vein
Tibial Nerve

103
Q

List the components of the three functional units within the foot:

A
104
Q

Which metatarsal is longest?

A

The second metatarsal is typically the longest

105
Q

Which Metatarsal has the thickest diaphysis

A

The first (Diaphysis refers to the ‘shaft’)

106
Q

Compare the relative length of the metatarsals & phalanges of the foot with the metacarpals & phalanges of the hand. Relate to function.

A

The foot serves as a platform for walking, running, and bearing the body’s weight, requiring longer metatarsals and phalanges to provide stability, balance, and propulsion during locomotion. The metacarpals and phalanges of the hand are relatively shorter, allowing for better control and coordination in activities requiring fine finger movements.

107
Q

Compare the mobility and function of the 1st ray & hallux with that of the thumb.

A

They can move in the opposite direction of the other digits. The 1st ray and hallux, like the thumb, play crucial roles in weight-bearing and balance. They provide stability and support during walking, running, and other weight-bearing activities.

108
Q

What are the two arches of the foot and what are they formed by:

A

The longitudinal and the transverse arches, Thet are formed by the bony structures in the foot

109
Q

What are the functions of the two arches of the foot?

A
  1. dampen impact of weight-bearing
  2. dampen superimposed rotational motions
  3. adapt to changes in supporting surface
  4. protect neurovasculature from compression
110
Q

Review the joints of the foot:

A
111
Q

Fill in the blanks

A
112
Q

What is the usual mechanism of injury of the inferior tibiofibular joint?

A

forcing separation of the distal fibula & tibia

113
Q

why is the stability of the inferior tibiofibular joint is crucial to the integrity of the talocrural joint.

A

a

114
Q

Which ligament is most commonly injured in an ankle sprain? Explain how & why.

A

The Anterior Tibiofibular ligament, this normally happens with excessive inversion or forceful twists

115
Q

Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of tibialis Anterior

A

Proximal Attachment: Proximal tibia & interosseous membrane
Distal Attachment: Medial cuneiform & base 1st MT
Action/s: Dorsiflexion (DF) + inversion (inv)
Peripheral Innervation: Deep fibular
Spinal level: L4,5

116
Q

Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Extensor DIgitorum Longus

A

Proximal Attachment: Proximal tibia & fibula
Distal Attachment: Distal and middle phalanges of toes 2-5
Action/s: Extension (E) of toes 2-5
Peripheral Innervation: Deep fibular
Spinal level: L5, S1

117
Q

Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Extensor Hallicus Longus

A

Proximal Attachment: Fibula and interosseous membrane
Distal Attachment: Distal phalanx of hallux (big toe)
Action/s: Extension (E) of the hallux (big toe)
Peripheral Innervation: Deep fibular
Spinal level: L5, S1

118
Q

Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Fibularis Tertius

A

Proximal Attachment: Distal fibula
Distal Attachment: Shaft of the 5th metatarsal
Action/s: Dorsiflexion (DF) and eversion of the foot
Peripheral Innervation: Deep fibular
Spinal level: L5, S1

119
Q

Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Gastrocnemius

A

Proximal Attachment: Distal femur
Distal Attachment: Calcaneus
Action/s: Knee flexion and ankle plantarflexion
Peripheral Innervation: Tibial nerve
Spinal level: S1, S2

120
Q

Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of soleus

A

Proximal Attachment: Proximal tibia & fibular head
Distal Attachment: Calcaneus
Action/s: Ankle plantarflexion
Peripheral Innervation: Tibial nerve
Spinal level: S1, S2

121
Q

Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Gastrocnemius

A

Proximal Attachment: Lateral supracondylar line of femur
Distal Attachment: Calcaneus
Action/s: Assists in ankle plantarflexion
Peripheral Innervation: Tibial nerve
Spinal level: S1, S2

122
Q

Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Tibialis Posterior

A

Proximal Attachment: Tibia, fibula & interosseous membrane
Distal Attachment: Mainly navicular tuberosity & medial cuneiform
Action/s: Inversion + Plantarflexion
Peripheral Innervation: Tibial nerve
Spinal level: L4, L5

123
Q

Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Flexor digitorum longus

A

Proximal Attachment: Posteromedial tibia
Distal Attachment: Distal phalanges 2-5
Action/s: Flexion of the 2nd-5th toes
Peripheral Innervation: the tibial nerve
Spinal level: S2, S3

124
Q

Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Flexor Hallicus Longus

A

Proximal Attachment: Fibula & interosseous membrane
Distal Attachment: Distal phalanx of the hallux (big toe)
Action/s: Flexion of the hallux (big toe)
Peripheral Innervation: S2, S3
Spinal level: S2, S3

125
Q

Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Fibularis Longus

A

Proximal Attachment: Proximal fibula
Distal Attachment: Medial cuneiform and base of the 1st metatarsal
Action/s: Eversion of the foot
Peripheral Innervation: Superficial fibular nerve
Spinal level: L5, S1

126
Q

Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Fibularis Brevis

A

Proximal Attachment: Lower two-thirds of the fibula
Distal Attachment: Tuberosity of the 5th metatarsal
Action/s: Eversion of the foot
Peripheral Innervation: Superficial fibular nerve
Spinal level: L5, S1

127
Q

What are the dorsiflexors of the foot:

A

Tibialis anterior - Prime mover, Externsor digitorium longus extensor hallicus longus fibulairs tertius

128
Q

What are the plantarflexors of the foot:

A

Gastrocnemius & soleus, FHL, tibialis posterior, FDL, FL, FB

129
Q

What muscles cause inversion

A

TP, TA, gastrocnemius & soleus, FDL, FHL, EHL

130
Q

What muscles cause eversion

A

FL, FB, FT, EDL

131
Q

what muscles cause flexion at the Metatarsophalangeal and IP joint

A

FDL, FHL

132
Q

What muscles cause extension of the metatarsophalangeal and IP joint

A

EDL EHL

133
Q

Fill in the blanks

A
134
Q

Fill in the blanks

A
135
Q

Fill in the blanks

A
136
Q

Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Extensor Digitorum Brevis

A

Proximal Attachment: Calcaneus (heel bone)
Distal Attachment: Extensor digitorum tendons of the 2nd-4th toes
Action: Extension of the 2nd-4th toes
Innervation: Deep fibular nerve (S1, S2)

137
Q

Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Extensor hallicus Brevis

A

MUSCLE: Extensor Hallucis Brevis
Proximal Attachment: Calcaneus (heel bone)
Distal Attachment: Proximal phalanx of the great toe (1st toe)
Action/s: Extension of the 1st metatarsophalangeal joint (MTP) and dorsiflexion of the ankle
Peripheral Innervation: Deep fibular nerve
Spinal level: S1, S2

138
Q

Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Abductor hallicus

A

Proximal Attachment: Calcaneus (heel bone)
Distal Attachment: Proximal phalanx of the great toe (1st toe)
Action/s: Abduction and flexion of the hallux (great toe)
Peripheral Innervation: Tibial nerve
Spinal level: S1, S2, S3

139
Q

Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Flexor digitorum brevis

A

Proximal Attachment: Calcaneus (heel bone)
Distal Attachment: Middle phalanges of the second to fifth toes
Action/s: Flexion of the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints of the second to fifth toes
Peripheral Innervation: Tibial nerve
Spinal level: S1, S2, S3

140
Q

Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Abductor digiti minimi

A

Proximal Attachment: Calcaneus (heel bone)
Distal Attachment: Proximal phalanx of the fifth toe
Action/s: Abduction of the fifth metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint
Peripheral Innervation: Tibial nerve
Spinal level: S1, S2, S3

141
Q

Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Quadratus Plantae

A

Proximal Attachment: Calcaneus (heel bone)
Distal Attachment: Flexor digitorum longus (FDL) tendon
Action/s: Assists in the action of the flexor digitorum longus (FDL) muscle
Peripheral Innervation: Tibial nerve
Spinal level: S1, S2, S3

142
Q

Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Lumbricles

A

Proximal Attachment: Flexor digitorum longus (FDL) tendons
Distal Attachment: Extensor Hoods
Action/s: Flexion of the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints and extension of the interphalangeal (IP) joints of the toes
Peripheral Innervation: Tibial nerve
Spinal level: S2, S3

143
Q

Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Flexor Hallicus Brevis

A

Proximal Attachment: Cuboid bone, lateral cuneiform bone, and tibialis posterior tendon
Distal Attachment: Base of the proximal phalanx of the first toe (hallux)
Action/s: Flexion of the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint (plantar flexion of the hallux)
Peripheral Innervation: Tibial nerve
Spinal level: S1, S2

144
Q

Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Adductor Hallicus

A

Proximal Attachment: Base of the first proximal phalanx (1st toe)
Distal Attachment:
Transverse Head: Base of the proximal phalanges of the 3rd to 5th toes (MTP joints)
Oblique Head: Shaft of the 2nd to 4th metatarsal bones, and the capsule and sesamoid bones of the 1st metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint
Action/s: Adduction of the 1st toe (hallux) at the 1st MTP joint
Peripheral Innervation: Tibial nerve
Spinal level: S2, S3

145
Q

Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Flexor Digiti minimi

A

Proximal Attachment: Base of the 5th metatarsal (5th MT)
Distal Attachment: Proximal phalanx of the 5th toe (5th proximal phalanx)
Action/s: Flexion of the 5th toe (MTP joint)
Peripheral Innervation: Tibial nerve
Spinal level: S2, S3

146
Q

Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Dorsal Interossei

A

Proximal Attachment: Metatarsals
Distal Attachment: Extensor hoods of toes 2-4
Action/s: Abduction of toes 2-4 (spreading toes apart)
Peripheral Innervation: Tibial nerve
Spinal level: S2, S3

147
Q

Name the proximal and distal attachment, innervation and actions of Plantar Interossei

A

Proximal Attachment: Metatarsals 3, 4, 5
Distal Attachment: Extensor hoods of toes 3-5
Action/s: Adduction of toes 3-5 (bringing toes together)
Peripheral Innervation: Tibial nerve
Spinal level: S2, S3

148
Q

Reflect on the order of tendons around the medial malleolus

A

ANAT2029 (5 decks)

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