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GCSE Geography *** > Tropical Rainforests > Flashcards

Tropical Rainforests Flashcards

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1
Q

What percent of the worlds land surface is covered by tropical rainforests ?

A

7%

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2
Q

Where are the main areas of tropical rainforest ?

A
  • amazon basin
  • central Africa
  • south east Asia
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3
Q

What is the climate like in the tropical rainforest?

A
  • warm and wet
  • 26°
  • 2,500mm of rainfall annually
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4
Q

What is the vegetation like in a tropical rainforest ?

A
  • rich vegetation

* very tall trees, 30-40m in height

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5
Q

What is the soil normally like in the tropical rainforest ?

A
  • thin and poor
  • is often leached
  • usually orange due to high iron content
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6
Q

How does water recycling work ?

A
  • The roots of plants take up water from the ground and the rain is intercepted as it falls
  • midday the water evaporates into the atmosphere
  • this evaporation forms clouds to make the next days rain
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7
Q

What does stratification mean?

And how does it relate to the rainforest ?

A

Layered

  • the forest is stratified as plants try to take advantage of the light and space
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8
Q

How has flexible based leaves adapted to the tropical rainforest?

A

Flexibility in their bases helps leaves to turn and face the Sun

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9
Q

How has thin Smooth bark help adapted to the rainforest?

A

Allows water to flow down the tree easily and stop other plants from growing on trees surfaces

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10
Q

How have a emergents help adapt to the rainforest ?

A

Fast growing trees e.g. Capoc out compete are the trees to reach sunlight

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11
Q

How has drip tip leaves help adapt to the rainforest?

A

Allow the heavy rain to drop off the leaf. This prevents algae growing which could block sunlight and stop photosynthesis

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12
Q

Independence in the rainforest

A
  • plants and food for animals
  • trees leaves create nutrients on forest floor for the soil
  • sunlight allows photosynthesis in plants
  • water cycle
  • nutrient cycle
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13
Q

How many of the worlds known animal species live in the rainforest?

A

2/4

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14
Q

How many of the worlds known plant species live in the rainforest?

A

More than 2/3

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15
Q

How have animals adapted to survive?

A
  • parrots and toucans have developed big strong beaks to crack open nuts
  • camouflage to escape being prey
  • some animals are poisonous and use bright colours to warn predators to leave them alone
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16
Q

How has the rate of deforestation changed ?

A

Deforestation increased from 1700 to 1979 in tropical areas, however the amount of deforestation is in decline at the moment although still occurring

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17
Q

How has Indonesia’s deforestation rate increased ?

A

Deforestation has increased as they replace forests with palm oil plantations this threatens the
orangutan

• an 107% increase from 2000-2005 vs 2005-2010

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18
Q

How has Brazil’s deforestation rate changed ?

A

It has decreased to a record low and half of the remaining rainforest has a protection on it

• a decrease of -21% from 2000-2005 vs 2005-2010

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19
Q

How many square kilometres of Amazon rainforest was cleared since 1970?

A

761,000km2

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20
Q

What is percentage of South America covered by the amazon ?

A

40%

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21
Q

How many countries does the amazon cover ?

A

8

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22
Q

How many species of bird is there in the Amazon?

A

1000

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23
Q

How many species of plants are there in the amazon ?

A

60,000

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24
Q

How Many people live in the Amazon ?

A

20 million people

25
Q

How many square miles does the amazon cover ?

A

2.1 million square miles

26
Q

What percent of the earths species live in the Amazon ?

A

20%

27
Q

What percent of the rainforest in the Amazon was already lost by 2005 ?

A

17%

28
Q

What are the causes of deforestation in Brazil ?

A
  • logging
  • mineral extraction
  • energy development
  • illegal trade in wildlife
  • cattle ranching
  • commercial farming
  • road building
  • settlement and population growth
29
Q

Why is the logging in the Amazon?

A
  • timber companies are most interested in trees such as mahogany and teak and sell them to other countries to make furniture (selective logging )
  • Loggers are interested in any trees for fuel or pulp and clear huge areas in one go (clear cutting)
30
Q

Why is the minimum extraction in the Amazon?

A
  • In the Amazon mining is mainly about gold

* there is 50,000 hectors of land use for gold mining

31
Q

Why is the energy development in the Amazon ?

A
  • and unlimited supply of water and ideal river conditions have encourage dams to be built to generate hydroelectric power
  • they alter the hydrological cycle and trap sediment behind them
  • dams displace many people and the reservoirs they create flood large areas of land that would be forest this can rot making the water very acidic
32
Q

Why is there illegal trade in wildlife in the Amazon ?

A
  • this is not a direct cause of deforestation but upsets the rainforest ecosystem
  • hunting, poaching and trafficking in wildlife and animal parts are big business in Brazil
33
Q

Why is there cattleranching in the Amazon ?

A
  • large areas of rainforest have been cleared for cattleranching this contributes to 80 percent of the rainforest destruction in Brazil
  • The land cannot be used for very long the quality of the pastor quickly declined on the cattle farmers move onto a new area of land
34
Q

Why is there commercial farming in the Amazon ?

A
  • forests are being cleared to make way for plantations for banana and palm oil growth
  • The soil that the crops are planted in cannot be sustained for long and the plantation has to move , cutting down more forest for more land
  • commercial farming takes up 10 percent of the causes of deforestation in Brazil
35
Q

Why is there roadbuilding in the Amazon?

A
  • roads are needing to be built for loggers trucks and equipment and without them they wouldn’t be able to reach the areas they need too
  • trees are needing to be cut down to create these areas of road
  • The trans-Amazonian highway is 4000 km long and has opened up the remote areas of the Amazon rainforest both positively and negatively
36
Q

Why is the settlement and population growth in the Amazon?

A

•. Commercial businesses need workers ,and workers and their families need homes and services. This means clearing the forest to build settlements were these people can live

37
Q

What are the impacts of deforestation in the Amazon?

A
  • loss of biodiversity
  • climate change
  • river pollution
  • economic development
  • soil erosion
  • decline of indigenous people
38
Q

Why is loss of biodiversity and impact of deforestation in the Amazon ?

A

Biodiversity is lost a species are wiped out because of deforestation

39
Q

Why is climate change and impact of deforestation in the Amazon ?

A
  • Burning the forest releases greenhouse gases like CO2
  • The loss of trees prevent CO2 being absorbed
  • The Amazon also helps to drive the global atmospheric system. There is a lot of rainfall and changes to the Amazon could disrupt the global system.
40
Q

Why is river pollution and impact of deforestation in the Amazon?

A

• Mercury used to separate gold from the ground is allowed to enter rivers. Fish are poisoned as well as people in nearby towns

41
Q

Why is economic development and impact of deforestation in the Amazon?

A
  • Brazil has use the forest as a way to develop their country and has exploited many of the natural riches
  • Brazil has huge debts and poor people to feed and sees deforestation as a way to help develop their country and improve peoples standard of living
42
Q

Why is soil erosion and impact of deforestation in the Amazon?

A
  • lack of forest cover colours by deforestation means that soils are exposed to the rainfall. The rainfall washes away huge amounts of soil into rivers this is called soil erosion
  • rainfall also washes away nutrients from the soil this is called leaching
43
Q

Why is the decline of indigenous people and impact of deforestation in the Amazon ?

A
  • there are only 240 tribes left compared with 330 and 1900s
  • many have been forced out of the rainforest by logging, opening of mines, and construction of roads
  • most of ended up in towns and have found it hard to adjust to the new life and turned to drugs and alcohol use, and died young
  • The loss of these tribes also loses centuries of detailed knowledge of the forest, such as medicinal value and of various rainforest species
44
Q

What are the goods the Amazon provides ?

A
  • native food crop
  • meat and fish
  • building material
  • Energy from HEP
  • Water
  • medicine
45
Q

Services that the Amazon rainforest provides

A
  • Air purification
  • protection against soil erosion
  • wildlife habitats
  • employment opportunities
  • water and nutrients recycling
46
Q

How many drugs used today are derived from rainforest ingredients ?

A

1/4 of drugs

47
Q

What percent of the rainforest trees and plants have been tested for medicinal purposes ?

A

1%

48
Q

How many species a year die in the Amazon ?

A

50,000

49
Q

What percent of the Amazons main species could be lost by 2030?

A

30-45%

50
Q

How many plants, animals and insects are lost every day due to deforestation ?

A

137

51
Q

What are the sustainable strategies for managing the amazon ?

A
  • inter-government agreements on hardwoods and endangered species
  • debt reduction by HICs
  • conservation and education
  • selective logging
  • stopping illegal logging
  • agroforestry
  • replanting
  • eco-tourism
52
Q

How does inter-governments agreement on hardwoods and endangered species help manage the Amazon?

A
  • International tropical timber agreement which restricts the trade in hardwood taken from the tropical rainforest
  • CITES treaty blocks illegal trade in rare and endangered plants and animals
  • this scheme helps manage the amount of timber harvested from the forest
  • however because of corruption they might not inforce them
53
Q

How does debt reduction by HICS help manage the amazon?

A

• most of the countries rainforest are situated in, are low income countries and have debt
• schemes known as debt-for-nature
are sometimes arranged, where HICs pay off their debt in exchange for the country pledging to protect large areas of the rainforest
• This scheme offers an alternative to poor countries exploiting their natural wealth
• however illegal loggers may still log and if the country is making money from the rainforest they may not want to protect it in exchange for debt reduction

54
Q

What did the USA do to help manage the rainforest in 2010 ?

A

• The USA paid back £13.5 million of Brazil’s debt in exchange for large areas of rainforest being protected

55
Q

How does conservation education help manage the Amazon?

A
  • these are run by non-governmental organisations and run by volunteers and donations
  • they promote the conservation message through education programs in schools
  • they also buy areas of rainforest and create nature reserves
  • this can take time to educate and rely on volunteers and donations
56
Q

Why is selective logging a management of the amazon ?

A

• this involves felling trees only when they are fully grown, however this can damage other trees when felling

57
Q

How does the government stop illegal logging ?

A

They use drones and satellites to spot illegal loggers in remote areas

58
Q

How does ecotourism benefit the amazon ?

A

It invites tourists to appreciate the rainforest and all profits go back to the rainforest

GCSE Geography *** (10 decks)

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