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GCSE Geography *** > Tectonics > Flashcards

Tectonics Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a hazard ?

A

an event that threatens or actually causes damage and destruction to people, their properties and settlements

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2
Q

What is a natural hazard ?

A

Is a hazard produced by the environment

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3
Q

What does mitigation mean ?

A

Mitigation means to manage the risk, by using different precautionary actions

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4
Q

What is risk

A

The probability of a particular event happening and the scale of its possible damage

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5
Q

Describe the Earth structure

A

Core -> mantle ->

Asthenosphere -> crust

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6
Q

What are the two types of crust ?

A

Continental crust and oceanic crust

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7
Q

What is the lithosphere ?

A

The crust and upper mantle together form the lithosphere

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8
Q

What is the lithosphere broken down into ?

A

Tectonic plates

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9
Q

What is the name for where two tectonic plates meet ?

A

Plate margin

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10
Q

What are the three types of plate margin ?

A
  • constructive
  • destructive
  • conservative
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11
Q

What triggers earthquakes and volcanic activity ?

A

The interaction between the different tectonic plates and the mantle beneath them

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12
Q

What are the reasons for tectonic plates moving ?

A
  • convection currents

* slab pull and ridge push

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13
Q

Where are earthquakes and volcanoes located ?

A

Where plate margins are located

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14
Q

Plate margins are volcanos found on ?

A

Constructive and destructive

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15
Q

What Plate margins are earthquakes found on ?

A

Constructive, destructive and Conservative

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16
Q

Describe a constructive plate boundary

A
  • Top part of the mantle melts and the hot molten magma rises
  • The tectonic plates move apart by convectional currents. The molten magma rises in between and cools down to form a solid rock
  • this forms part of the oceanic plate
  • much of the magma never reaches the surface but is buoyant enough to push up at the constructive margin and form ridges
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17
Q

Describe a destructive plate margin

A
  • A good example is nazca plate and the South American plate
  • convection current’s close the Nazca plate to move towards the South American plate
  • The Nazca plate is heavier and more dense and is forced underneath the South American plate, which creates a subduction zone and the Peru-chile trench, this subduction can cause earthquakes to occur
  • The friction of the subduction, and heat from the mantle causes the plate to start to melt in the Beniof zone
  • when it reaches the mantle it is almost fully destroyed, the just destroyed plate is a light mantle compared to the heavier older mantle
  • this means the light mantle can often be pushed upwards out of the volcano and cause the volcano to erupt
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18
Q

Describe convection current’s

A
  • The earths radioactive core heats the mantle and it rises in plumes to the earths crust
  • when it reaches the crust, which creates a hotspot the cooler rock in the cell flows back down to the core while dragging the plate as it goes
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19
Q

What is seismic?

A

Vibrations of the Earth’s crust

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20
Q

What is Tephra ?

A

Rock fragments and particles ejected by a volcanic eruption

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21
Q

What is the asthernosphere ?

A

Region below the lithosphere where the rock is less rigid and transmit seismic waves

22
Q

What is the subduction zone ?

A

Where one plate moves under another and is forced into the mantle

23
Q

What is Basalt ?

A

A dark fine grained volcanic rock

24
Q

What is the epicentre ?

A

The point where the focus of the earthquake wave hits the surface

25
Q

Describe a Conservative plate Boundry

A
  • To tectonic plates move parallel to each other.
  • either in the same direction or opposite directions
  • this causes friction and pressure
  • which when the pressure is released causes an earthquake
26
Q

What are the four reasons why people continue to live in hazardous areas ?

A
  • geothermal energy
  • farming
  • mining
  • tourism
27
Q

Describe geothermal energy

A
  • in volcanically active area geothermal energy is a major source of electrical power
  • Steam is heated by hot magma and boreholes are created to harness the heated steam which turned turbines at power stations
  • it is renewable, reliable and causes no pollution
28
Q

Describe farming

A
  • weathering of lava releases minerals and leaves behind extremely fertile soil, rich in nutrients
  • this soil can be used for farming
  • volcanic soils support 10% of the worlds population, and only 1% of the world has this soil
29
Q

Describe mining

A
  • dormant and active volcanoes in mined for valuable minerals
  • miners earn six dollars per day (morning on the coffee plantation)
  • however is very dangerous
30
Q

Describe tourism

A
  • tourists visit volcanoes the spectacular views and hot springs
  • more than 100 million people visit volcano sites every year
  • locals can get money for selling souvenirs and tours
31
Q

How can the risks of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions be reduced ?

A
  • monitoring and prediction
  • protection
  • planning
32
Q

Describe monitoring and prediction for earthquakes

A
  • sensitive seismometers are used to sensor foreshocks
  • seismologists use radon detection devices to detect radon gas in the soil and ground water, which escapes from cracks in the earths surface
33
Q

Describe how planning can reduce the risks of earthquakes

A
  • repairing emergency aid supplies, how they distributed and where are evacuation centres will be saves lives
  • furniture and objects can be fastened down so they are secure from toppling over
  • residents can learn how to turn off the mains gas, electricity and water supplies to the properties
34
Q

Describe how protection can reduce the risk of a earthquakes

A
  • designing buildings and strengthening roads and bridges to with stand earthquakes provides protection
  • however these are very expensive and usually earthquake prone areas are LIC
35
Q

Describe how monitoring and prediction cannot reduce the risk of volcanic eruptions

A
  • thermal heat sensors detect change in the temperature of the volcano surface
  • satellites monitor ground changes in the volcano surface
  • seismometers measure small tremors
36
Q

Describe how protection can reduce the risks of volcanic eruptions

A
  • it is very hard to protect against volcanic corruption is as buildings cannot be designed to with stand lava flows
  • people just have to be evacuated to a safe location
37
Q

Describe how planning can reduce the risk of volcanic eruptions

A
  • evacuation plan is created
  • authorities and emergency services need to prepare emergency shelter, food supplies and form of evacuation strategy
  • residents can be educated about preventing unnecessary injury and loss of life, by being taught to cover their eyes nose and mouth to prevent irritation by gas fumes
38
Q

Primary affects of Icelands volcanic eruption

A
  • volcano ejected 250 million m³ of tephra
  • it ejected lava up to 150m into the air
  • molten lava flowed 2.5 miles from the volcano
  • it’s highest plume reached 8km in height
  • The eruption caused ice to melt, this quickly cooled the lava resulting in abrasive glass particles
39
Q

Key facts about Icelands volcanic eruption

A
  • volcano was called eyjafiallajkull
  • it erupted on the 14th of April 2010
  • stop erupting on 21st May 2010
  • Iceland is located on the mid Atlantic Ridge. The North American and Eurasian plates move apart causing magma to rise and erupt
40
Q

Secondary social Impacts of icelands volcanic eruption

A
  • 20 countries closed there air space, for 6 days, 100,000 travellers were affected
  • 500 farmers were evacuated from the area
  • high sulphur dioxide levels lead to breathing problems
  • 800 local people were evacuated
  • Schools in southern Iceland closed
41
Q

Secondary economic impacts of Iceland volcanic eruption

A
  • Airlines lost money, British airways lost $30 million a day
  • Kenyan farmers were losing $2 million a day as they couldn’t transport the flowers to Europe, which is 1/3 of their market
  • ferries, car rentals, taxis and buses benefited
  • travel agents in the UK lost £6 million a day
  • loss of income for Icelandic farmers, because farming was difficult because of an ash layer
42
Q

Secondary environmental effects of Iceland volcanic eruption

A
  • The ash had a high fluoride content, this contaminated streams and water.
  • sudden melting of glacier caused flooding not nearby rivers, and one road was washed away
  • there were ash falls deeper that 10cm
  • nutrients released from ash into soil
43
Q

Response to volcanic eruption in Iceland

A
  • send out emergency services
  • get the homes insured
  • Store food and water and first-aid
  • evacuated people to safe zones
  • provide knowledge of what’s happening
44
Q

Key facts of the Japanese earthquake and Tsunami

A
  • happened on 11 March 2011
  • reached 9 on the Richter scale
  • 15,850 people killed
  • 5895 injured
45
Q

Secondary effects of Japan’s earthquake

A
  • 39 m Tsunami reach 10 km inland, which caused flooding
  • shipping was disrupted
  • agriculture was effected
46
Q

What was the cause of the Japanese earthquake and Tsunami

A

Movement between the Pacific and North American plate

47
Q

Impacts of the Japanese earthquake and tsunami

A
  • 15,850 people killed
  • buildings destroyed
  • 5,895 people injured
  • flooding of Sendai which is a low-lying city
  • soil liquefaction
  • 3-4% of rice production was devastated
  • 2m waves hit the coast of Chile on the other side of the Pacific Ocean
48
Q

Response to Japan’s earthquake

A
  • £500 million was put into upgrading earthquake measurement equipment
  • Japan self defence carried out a massive upgrade training drill called “alert 2008”
  • providing food and blankets to people who lost their homes
  • they now have building regulations to make sure they are earthquake proof
  • highway six rebuilt in six weeks
49
Q

Key facts about Nepals earthquake

A
  • happened on 25 April 2015
  • 80 km north-west of Kathmandu
  • 7.8 on the Richter scale
  • 9000 people died
  • 1/2 million people left homeless
50
Q

What was the cause of the Nepal earthquake ?

A

It occurred because of the subduction of Indian plate underneath the Eurasian plate

51
Q

Effects of Nepals earthquake

A
  • killed 9000 people and injured 23,000
  • 7000 schools were flattened due to it being a school day, this increases the death toll
  • 1/2 million people left homeless
  • 1/3 of the population were affected by the earthquake
  • people waited up to 7 days without water
  • it triggered an avalanche on Mount Everest killing 19 people
52
Q

What were the responses and management of Nepals earthquake

A
  • Nepal doesn’t have insurance so they got no money back from the earthquake
  • Technology is bad meaning building are unstable and help is hard to get
  • they waited 7 days without water
  • Nepal relied on aid which is hard to distribute because of inaccessible rural area
  • disease set in

GCSE Geography *** (10 decks)

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