Glaciation Flashcards
What is striations ?
Scratches in the rock from other rocks rubbing against it
What is roches moutones ?
A small rock with one side smooth and gently sloping, and on the other side steep and rough
What is a misfit stream ?
A stream that didn’t make its valley its shape
What is a U-shaped valley
A Valley shaped by a glacier
What is a hanging valley ?
A Valley that is cut across by deeper Valley
What is the ribbon lake ?
A long and narrow lake in a rock basin caused by a glacier
What is a V shaped Valley
A Valley caused by a river
What is scree ?
A mass of small loose rocks that form or cover a slope on a Mountain
What is a truncated spur ?
A spur that descends towards a valley floor
What is a corrie?
A steep sided hollow, formed by glacial erosion
What is an arête ?
A sharp mountain Ridge
What is a pyramidal peak ?
And angular three pointed arête
What is freeze thaw ?
A rock that when water fills its cracks and expand, and this process is repeated it weakens he rock and causes parts of the rock to crack off
What is erosion ?
Wearing away a rock by wind, water or rock
What is abrasion ?
The process of scraping and eroding a material, it may cause striations or polish rock surface
What is plucking ?
When rock becomes frozen to the base of the glacier and when the glacier moves it is ripped off
Describe the formation of a V shape valley which turns into a U-shaped valley
- A river erodes the bottom of the river bed
- it makes it deeper which puts pressure on the sides
- The sides collapse in now making the river the shape of a V
- Ice layers the floor of the river and snow has filled the gaps causing abrasion
- Constant freeze thaw weathering, abrasion and plucking has started to make the V shaped Valley a U shaped valley over time
- eventually when all the snowmelts the V shaped Valley has turned into a U-shaped valley
Describe Corrie formation
- snowfalls and collects in a slight hollow, the snow compresses and turns into ice
- Snow continues to fall, building it up even more
- Rock fragments freeze into ice at back and base of Corrie due to freezthaw weathering
- The ice mass slides slowly downhill because of its weight
- back wall has been made steeper by erosion and frost-shattering
- base of hollow has been made deeper by abrasion and plucking
- material has been deposited to create a Corrie lip
- when the snow has melted it forms a Corrie lake
What is rotational slip ?
A circular motion of snow, eroding the mountain face
What is bulldozing ?
The Pushing of deposited sediment at the end of the glacier as it advances
What is outwash ?
• material deposited by meltwater from glaziers. The material is rounded because of attrition
What is till ?
A mixture of materials carried by a glacier and deposited as ground morain
How are arêtes formed ?
When two Corries are back to back or side by side
How do you pyramidal peaks form ?
When three or more Corries are back to back
How is are ribbon lakes formed ?
- The Glacier finds it difficult to erode the hard rock, but easy to erode the soft rock. This creates a rock basin
- when the glacier melts it fills the rock basin to create a ribbon lake
- moraine is deposited at the end of the ribbon lake
How are drumlins formed ?
- material is deposited underneath the glacier as ground moraine
- ground Moraine is sculpted to form drumlin shapes by further ice movements
How are Erratics formed ?
• they have been transported and deposited by a glacier
What is an erratic ?
A Boulder that is different to the bedrock it is sitting upon
What is lateral moraine ?
Lateral moraine is material that has been plucked by freezethaw weathering and has been carried down the sides of the valley
What is medial moraine ?
Medial moraine is found at the centre of the glacier and it is when two moraines join together
What is ground moraine ?
Ground moraine is material dragged underneath a glacier which, when deposited forms the valley floor
What is terminal moraine ?
Terminal moraine marks the maximum advance of a glacier. It is the material deposited at the end of a glacier
What is recessional moraine ?
Recessional moraine forms behind and parallel to the terminal moraine. They mark the retreat in the glacier when it’s stationary for long periods of time
Major landforms in the Lake District
• Corrie lake called red tarn
• arête called striding edge
- they are located just east of lake thirlmere
• hanging valley at grisedale
• ribbon lakes
• Keswick is situated on the floor of a U-shaped valley
Why are farming and forestry important land uses in glaciated Upland areas ?
- extensive agriculture such as animal grazing is well suited to glaciated Upland areas
- sheep were introduced too many upland Estates during the 1800s
- some land owners have introduced dear for venison meat and highland cattle
- coniferous woodland occupies 2 million hectors of land in the UK, much of it is in upland areas
- Wood is used as timber for furniture and building constructions
How important is tourism for glaciated upland areas ?
- it is the most important source of uplands areas income
- it’s employs more people than any other industry in these places
- glaciated areas attract walkers and mountain climbers
- The Lake District is highly accessible and has a mild climate
Why does quarrying take place in some glaciated upland areas ?
- there is tough resistant rock that is not found in lowland areas
- A lack of population means that there are fewer dangers when explosives are used to shatter rock into blocks
- the Rock types have a high economic value
- in the Lake District it is slate - which is used as roofing and decorative materials
- Lake District has 13 active quarries
What are the conflict between different land uses ?
- military training
- reservoirs
- wind turbines
- Hunting
- forestry
How can conflicts between development and conservation be balanced ?
- have a maximum visited numbers
- signing to show permanently out of bounds areas
- seasonal closure to give the site a chance to recover
- restricted activities such as camping is restricted to designated campsites
What are the social, economic and environmental impacts of tourism in the Lake District ?
- footpath erosion - 15.8 million people visit the Lake District Every year
- businesses thrive from tourism
- visitors let dogs off the lead which can worry lambs and sheep
- visitors can climb over old walls knocking them down
- visitors by the houses so none are available for local people and later on pushing up the prices of the houses beyond levels of affordability
- visitors can litter
- Jobs are created such as watersport instructors, however wages can be seasonal and therefore low in the winter
- traffic causes pollution
What are the strategies used to manage the impact of tourism in the Lake District ?
- diverting the course of paths and fencing off the old footpath to allow time for the vegetation to recover from footpath erosion
- making signs
- educating people about the country code
- sign saying take your litter home
What is the attraction for tourists to come to the Lake District ?
- beautiful views of lakes and mountains
* visit highlands for activities like water sports, rock climbing, hiking and mountain climbing
