Trintellix Module 1 Flashcards
Name the four major lobes of the cerebrum.
Frontal lobe, Temporal lobe, Parietal lobe, Occipital Lobe
What is the function of the frontal lobe?
associated with complex intellectual processes such as decision-making, problem solving, concentrating, and planning. as well as with the expression of personality and the control of executive functions.
What is the function of the temporal lobe?
Organizes and interprets sensory input and is involved in auditory perception( hearing).
What is the function of the Parietal lobe?
Processes sensory information and is also associated with the understanding of speech and the expression of thoughts and emotions.
What is the function of the occipital lobe?
Involved in color recognition and analyzing visual patterns.
Name the three major regions of the prefrontal cortex?
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, Medial prefrontal cortex, Orbitofrontal cortex.
What is the function of the Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex?
(DLPFC) is associated with concentration and attention as well as with decision making and organization behavior.
What is the function of the Medial prefrontal cortex?
Associated with regulation an expression of emotion as well as cognitive functions such as attention.
What is the function of the Orbitofrontal cortex?
Associated with the regulation of emotional activity as well as with the experience of pleasure and reward.
The________ influences the ___________ by improving memory when memories are salient.
Amygdala,hippocampus
The___________ and __________ are two adjacent interconnected regions with in the MTL. They are though to have different but complementary functions.
Hippocampus, Amygdala
The _______ plays a critical role in the consolidation of long term memory while the _______plays a central role in emotional processing.
Hippocampus, Amygdala
The_______ regulates the responses of the ________to emotional stimuli by providing relevant past environmental or historical information about the given stimulus.
Hippocampus, Amygdala
Name the major components of the limbic system?
Brain stem, hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, cingulate.
The_________is a system group of related anatomical structures including the amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus and cingulate gyrus.
limbic system
The________ is thought to play a role in the neural basis of emotional states and has been called the emotional brain.
Limbic system
The________is also involved in memory storage and retrieval especially of memories linked with a strong emotional response.
limbic system.
What is the HPA axis?
The interplay of the hypothalamus with the pituitary gland and the adrenal cortex.
In response to physical stress, neurons in the hypothalamus secrete the hormones __________ and____________.
Corticotropin releasing factor ( CRF), vasopressin.
Secretion of CRF and vasopressin stimulates the secretion of _________by the anterior pituitary glad.
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
ACTH stimulates the release of _______by the adrenal cortex, producing various metabolic effects.
cortisol
summarize the process of negative feedback regulation in the HPA axis.
When Cortisol produced by the adrenal cortex inhibits both the pituitary glad and hypothalamus, suppressing secretion of the CRF and vassopressin once the stress subsides.
Name the major neurotransmitters in the brain.
Dopamine, Serotonin, Histamine, glutamate, gaba, norephinephrine, epinephrine, acetylcholine.
What are the functions and roles of Dopamine?
affects cells that influence motor control and emotional state
plays role in motivation, pleasure, and reward.
plays role in information processing, attention, memory and wakefulness.
What are the functions of Histamine?
Stimulate wakefulness
enhance cognition
suppress appetite
What is the function of Serotonin?
involved in behavioral processes
instrumental in mood, sleep, and states of psychosis
involved in mental disorders including depression, anxiety and schizophrenia.
What is the function of Glutamate?
principle excitatory neurotransmitter
involved in normal brain functioning, including cognitive functions such as memory.
What is the function of GABA?
principle inhibitory neurotransmitter
Altered GABA activity may play a role in mental disorders.
What is the function of norepinephrine?
thought to play a role in attention span and concentration as well as arousal.
What is epinephrine?
instrumental in the physiological response to stress maintaining blood pressure and cardiac output and raising blood pressure.
What is the function of Acetylcholine?
involved in normal cognitive functioning
alterations in transmission have been shown to have a profound effect on cognition.
Briefly summarize the process of neurotransmitter release and transmission.
electric impulse arrives at the axon terminal which triggers the release of neurotransmitters from the synaptic vesicles into the synapse.
neurotransmitters diffuse rapidly across the synapse and activate the receptors on the postsynaptic neuron.
activation of it’s receptors stimulates the post synaptic neuron resulting in the transmission of the nerve impulse.
Name the three main mechanisms by which the action of neurotransmitters may be terminated.
re uptake, enzymatic degradation, diffusion
What happens during re uptake?
neurotransmitters are reabsorbed into the axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron by proteins called neurotransmitter transporters.
What happens during enzymatic degradation?
neurotransmitters are inactivated by enzymes
What happens during diffusion termination of a neurotransmitter?
Neurotransmitters diffuse away from the synapse.
Name the major receptors involved in the pathophysiology of depression.
Dopamine, Norepinephrine, acetylcholine, serotonin
