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Trials Flashcards

1
Q

POISE 1-3

A

To effectively memorize the findings from all POISE (Perioperative Ischemic Evaluation) studies, you can employ several proven memorization techniques:

Create a Memory Palace

Construct a mental “POISE Palace” with distinct rooms for each study:

  1. POISE-1 Room: Visualize beta-blockers as large pills causing both protective shields (reduced MIs) and stumbling blocks (increased strokes and mortality)[1][15].
  2. POISE-2 Room: Imagine aspirin tablets and clonidine patches scattered around, with no significant impact on the room’s layout (representing no major benefits)[21].
  3. POISE-3 Room: Picture tranexamic acid vials reducing red paint splatters (less bleeding) but not affecting the room’s overall structure (no significant change in cardiovascular outcomes)[2][19].

Use Mnemonics and Acronyms

Create memorable phrases or acronyms to summarize key findings:

  • POISE-1: “Beta Blockers: Mighty Infarction Slayer, Stroke Instigator”
  • POISE-2: “ASA and Clonidine: No Clear Advantage”
  • POISE-3: “TXA: Less Red, Heart Unchanged”

Spaced Repetition

Review the POISE findings at increasing intervals:

  1. Immediately after studying
  2. 24 hours later
  3. One week later
  4. One month later

Active Recall

Regularly quiz yourself on the main outcomes of each POISE study:

  • What was the primary intervention in POISE-1?
  • How did beta-blockers affect MI rates vs. stroke rates?
  • What were the main drugs studied in POISE-2?
  • What was the effect of tranexamic acid in POISE-3?

Teach It to Others

Explain the POISE studies to a study partner or imaginary audience, focusing on the key interventions and outcomes for each trial[25].

Visual Aids

Create a simple chart or diagram comparing the three POISE studies, their interventions, and main outcomes. Refer to this visual regularly to reinforce your memory[26].

Chunking

Group the information into logical chunks:

  1. Interventions: Beta-blockers, ASA/Clonidine, Tranexamic acid
  2. Outcomes: Cardiovascular events, bleeding, mortality
  3. Study progression: From POISE-1 to POISE-3

By combining these techniques and consistently reviewing the material, you’ll be able to effectively memorize and recall the findings from all POISE studies.

Sources
[1] impact of the Perioperative Ischemic Evaluation (POISE) trial - PMC https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3071418/
[2] Perioperative Ischemic Evaluation-3 - POISE-3 https://www.acc.org/Latest-in-Cardiology/Clinical-Trials/2022/04/01/03/11/POISE-3
[3] POISE - Research Studies - PHRI https://www.phri.ca/research/poise/
[4] 4 memory techniques for successful study sessions https://www.utep.edu/extendeduniversity/utepconnect/blog/november-2017/4-memory-techniques-for-successful-study-sessions.html
[5] 10 Ways to Remember What You Study - Zenkit https://zenkit.com/en/blog/10-ways-to-remember-what-you-study/
[6] Science-Backed Memory Tips and Recall Techniques | USAHS https://www.usa.edu/blog/science-backed-memory-tips/
[7] 8 Best Memorization Techniques Every Student Should Use https://alexandertutoring.com/math-physics-resources/study-tips/8-best-memorization-techniques-every-student-should-use/
[8] Memorization Techniques - Ross Medical Education Center https://rosseducation.edu/new-students/memorization-techniques.php
[9] 10 tips on how to study effectively | Victoria University https://www.vu.edu.au/about-vu/news-events/study-space/10-tips-on-how-to-study-effectively
[10] Powerful Memorization Techniques for Student Success | Forbrain https://blog.forbrain.com/blog/eight-memorization-techniques-students-with-forbrain
[11] 10 Proven Study Tips to Retain Information | Joyce University https://www.joyce.edu/blog/study-tips-to-retain-information/
[12] How to memorize things fast: 11 memorization techniques - Zapier https://zapier.com/blog/better-memory/
[13] Brain-based Techniques for Retention of Information https://medicine.llu.edu/academics/resources/brain-based-techniques-retention-information
[14] Memorization Strategies - UNC Learning Center https://learningcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/enhancing-your-memory/
[15] Effects of extended-release metoprolol succinate in patients … https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(08)60601-7/fulltext
[16] Effects of extended-release metoprolol succinate in patients … https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18479744/
[17] Perioperative beta-blockade, 2008: What does POISE tell us, and … https://academic.oup.com/bja/article/101/2/135/261058?login=false
[18] Perioperative Ischemic Evaluation - POISE https://www.acc.org/Latest-in-Cardiology/Clinical-Trials/2013/07/05/16/26/POISE-Perioperative-Ischemic-Evaluation
[19] Tranexamic acid and hypotension-avoidance in major non cardiac … https://www.anzca.edu.au/profiles/ctn-trials/published/poise3
[20] POISE 1 - The Bottom Line https://www.thebottomline.org.uk/summaries/pom/poise-1/
[21] Perioperative Ischemic Evaluation 2 - POISE-2 https://www.acc.org/Latest-in-Cardiology/Clinical-Trials/2014/05/03/19/28/POISE-2
[22] Beta blockers in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery - ANZCA https://www.anzca.edu.au/profiles/ctn-trials/published/poise-trial
[23] How to REMEMBER everything you study (from an ALL A* student) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DVZaiiDKUbk
[24] Mastering Memory: 6 Evidence-Based Techniques for Effective … https://news.ubicast.eu/en/6-techniques-for-effective-study-recall
[25] Students who get A’s, how do you memorize/understand your notes? https://www.reddit.com/r/college/comments/uqziwz/students_who_get_as_how_do_you_memorizeunderstand/
[26] Study: Best way to memorize stuff? It depends - ScienceDaily https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/03/240312182752.htm
[27] Scientifically, what’s the best method for memorization? : r/GetStudying https://www.reddit.com/r/GetStudying/comments/1c9utph/scientifically_whats_the_best_method_for/
[28] How to Memorize 10X Faster [A Step-by-Step Guide] https://www.memorize.academy/blog/how-to-memorize-10x-faster
[29] 36 Best Memory Techniques for Studying https://artofmemory.com/blog/list-of-memory-techniques/

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2
Q

Awarness trials

A

To effectively memorize findings from awareness trials like B-Aware, B-Unaware, and BAG-RECALL, you can employ several evidence-based memorization techniques:

Create a Memory Palace

Utilize the method of loci or memory palace technique to associate key findings with specific locations in a familiar space:

  1. Choose a familiar location, like your home.
  2. Assign each trial to a different room.
  3. Place key findings at specific points within each room.

For example:
- B-Aware trial in the living room: Picture a large, aware eye on the coffee table representing its finding that BIS monitoring reduced awareness in high-risk patients[4].
- B-Unaware trial in the kitchen: Visualize unaware stick figures by the stove, representing no significant difference in awareness between BIS and ETAG protocols[4].
- BAG-RECALL trial in the bedroom: Imagine a bag recalling memories on the bed, showing BIS was not superior to ETAG alarms[4].

Use Mnemonic Devices

Create acronyms or phrases to remember key points:

  • BAB: “BIS Awareness Benefit” - for B-Aware’s positive BIS findings
  • BUN: “BIS Unaware Null” - for B-Unaware’s null results
  • BAG: “BIS And Gas equal” - for BAG-RECALL’s equivalence finding

Apply the Feynman Technique

Explain the trials’ findings in simple terms, as if teaching someone else:

“The B-Aware trial found that using a brain monitor called BIS helped reduce awareness during surgery for high-risk patients. However, later trials like B-Unaware and BAG-RECALL showed that using BIS wasn’t better than closely monitoring anesthetic gas levels for preventing awareness.”

Utilize Active Recall

Regularly test yourself on the key findings:

  • What was the main result of the B-Aware trial?
  • How did the B-Unaware trial’s findings differ?
  • What did BAG-RECALL conclude about BIS vs. ETAG monitoring?

Implement Spaced Repetition

Review the information at increasing intervals:

  • Day 1: Initial study
  • Day 2: First review
  • Day 4: Second review
  • Day 7: Third review
  • Day 14: Fourth review

Create Visual Aids

Draw simple diagrams or flowcharts to represent the trials’ designs and outcomes. For example, create a comparison chart showing the protocols and results of each trial side by side.

Use Chunking

Group related information together:

  • Trial designs: Sample sizes, patient populations, protocols
  • Outcome measures: Definite awareness, possible awareness, secondary outcomes
  • Key findings: Effectiveness of BIS vs. ETAG monitoring

By combining these techniques and regularly reviewing the information, you can effectively memorize and retain the important findings from these awareness trials[1][3][5].

Sources
[1] Science-Backed Memory Tips and Recall Techniques | USAHS https://www.usa.edu/blog/science-backed-memory-tips/
[2] 4 memory techniques for successful study sessions https://www.utep.edu/extendeduniversity/utepconnect/blog/november-2017/4-memory-techniques-for-successful-study-sessions.html
[3] How to Remember What You Study (Almost Without Trying!) https://www.magneticmemorymethod.com/how-to-remember-what-you-study/
[4] Strategies to remember papers that you read https://academia.stackexchange.com/questions/44786/strategies-to-remember-papers-that-you-read
[5] Study Smarter, Not Longer: Strategies for Effective Learning https://ssc.edu.au/strategies-for-effective-learning/
[6] NAP5: intraoperative awareness detected, and undetected | BJA https://academic.oup.com/bja/article/113/4/530/230816
[7] Study investigates the best way to memorize details - Medical Xpress https://medicalxpress.com/news/2024-03-study-investigates-the-best-way.html
[8] Mnemonic training reshapes brain networks to support superior … https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5439266/
[9] Mastering Memory: 6 Evidence-Based Techniques for Effective … https://news.ubicast.eu/en/6-techniques-for-effective-study-recall
[10] Memorization Strategies - UNC Learning Center https://learningcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/enhancing-your-memory/
[11] How do you remember papers and authors? : r/GradSchool - Reddit https://www.reddit.com/r/GradSchool/comments/msi3ve/how_do_you_remember_papers_and_authors/
[12] Evidence-Based Strategies to Improve Memory and Learning - PMC https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4278520/
[13] Brain-based Techniques for Retention of Information https://medicine.llu.edu/academics/resources/brain-based-techniques-retention-information
[14] Boost your memory: Top 10 memorization techniques - Asana https://asana.com/ru/resources/memorization-techniques
[15] How to remember the keypoints from your academic reading? - Vitae https://www.vitae.ac.uk/doing-research/research-staff/the-best-of-the-research-staff-blog/how-to-remember-the-keypoints-from-your-academic-reading
[16] How to Memorize 10X Faster [A Step-by-Step Guide] https://www.memorize.academy/blog/how-to-memorize-10x-faster
[17] #GradHacks: A guide to reading research papers - Scientifica https://www.scientifica.uk.com/neurowire/gradhacks-a-guide-to-reading-research-papers
[18] Protocol for the BAG-RECALL clinical trial - PubMed Central https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2794255/
[19] Prevention of Intraoperative Awareness with Explicit Recall in an … https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3447261/
[20] Strategies to remember papers that you read https://academia.stackexchange.com/questions/44786/strategies-to-remember-papers-that-you-read
[21] Scientifically, what’s the best method for memorization? : r/GetStudying https://www.reddit.com/r/GetStudying/comments/1c9utph/scientifically_whats_the_best_method_for/
[22] Intraoperative awareness: controversies and non-controversies | BJA https://academic.oup.com/bja/article/115/suppl_1/i20/233608
[23] How to memorize things fast: 11 memorization techniques - Zapier https://zapier.com/blog/better-memory/
[24] Active Memorization | Dietrich Arts & Sciences Undergraduate Studies https://www.asundergrad.pitt.edu/study-lab/study-skills-tools-resources/active-memorization
[25] [PDF] Memory and awareness during anaesthesia https://www.bjanaesthesia.org.uk/article/S0007-0912(17)34145-4/pdf
[26] 36 Best Memory Techniques for Studying https://artofmemory.com/blog/list-of-memory-techniques/
[27] Memorizing academic papers and books for PhD https://forum.artofmemory.com/t/memorizing-academic-papers-and-books-for-phd/46424
[28] How to read a scientific paper [3 steps - 2025] - Paperpile https://paperpile.com/g/read-scientific-paper/
[29] 10 Ways to Remember What You Study - Zenkit https://zenkit.com/en/blog/10-ways-to-remember-what-you-study/
[30] The trick to remembering everything you study - YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7obXUgx_hOM

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3
Q

fluids trials

A

To help remember the key outcomes of fluid trials like SAFE, NICE-SUGAR, CHEST, PIMS, RELIEF, SMART, and SALT-ED, you can use the following mnemonic techniques:

Acronym: FLUIDS

Fluid trials show:
Lactated Ringer’s and balanced solutions are often better
Use of saline may increase adverse outcomes
Intensive glucose control not superior (NICE-SUGAR)
Differences in mortality seen in some trials
Sepsis patients may benefit more from balanced solutions

Memory Palace Technique

Imagine walking through a hospital:

  1. Entrance (SAFE): See equal-sized bottles of albumin and saline, representing no difference between them for fluid resuscitation.
  2. Nurse’s Station (NICE-SUGAR): Notice a nurse moderately sweetening a patient’s tea, symbolizing conventional glucose control being better than intensive.
  3. Supply Closet (CHEST): Observe crystalloid and synthetic colloid bottles on equal shelves, indicating no benefit of HES over saline.
  4. Patient Room (RELIEF): See a plant being generously watered, representing liberal fluids being better than restrictive.
  5. ICU (SMART): Notice “smart” IV bags choosing balanced crystalloids over saline.
  6. Emergency Department (SALT-ED): See balanced crystalloids and saline bags side by side, indicating no significant difference in non-ICU settings.

Rhyme

“In SAFE and CHEST, equal is best,
NICE-SUGAR shows moderate’s the test.
RELIEF likes liberal, that’s no jest,
SMART picks balanced, beating the rest.
SALT-ED finds balance and saline tie,
But in sepsis, balanced solutions may fly.”

These mnemonic techniques can help you recall the key outcomes of these fluid trials more easily. Remember to periodically review and practice these mnemonics to reinforce your memory[1][2][3].

Sources
[1] [PDF] Items to Be Memorized: Clinical Trials https://vetmed.tamu.edu/peer/wp-content/uploads/sites/72/2020/09/items_to_be_memorized_clinicaltrials.pdf
[2] [Mnemonics are useful memory tools in modern medicine] - PubMed https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25498182/
[3] Memorizing Drug Trials and Clinical Studies - Mullen Memory https://mullenmemory.com/memory-palace/memorizing-drug-trials-and-clinical-studies
[4] Using Mnemonic Devices to Make Memorization Easier https://medicine.llu.edu/academics/resources/using-mnemonic-devices-make-memorization-easier
[5] How to use Medical Mnemonics in Your Revision - Pastest https://www.pastest.com/blog/medical-revision/how-to-use-medical-mnemonics-in-your-revision/
[6] Systematic Reviews: Question Formation Mnemonics - Library Guides https://libguides.tulane.edu/c.php?g=1192346&p=8779091
[7] Medical Student Mnemonics - Geeky Medics https://geekymedics.com/medical-mnemonics/
[8] Course - UConn School of Pharmacy - University of Connecticut https://pharmacy.uconn.edu/course/
[9] 9 Types of Mnemonics to Improve Your Memory - Verywell Health https://www.verywellhealth.com/memory-tip-1-keyword-mnemonics-98466
[10] [PDF] Advances in Patient Safety: New Directions and Alternative … https://seguridaddelpaciente.sanidad.gob.es/informacion/publicaciones/otrasPublicaciones/docs/Volumen_3_Performance_and_Tools.pdf
[11] List of medical mnemonics - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_mnemonics
[12] [PDF] Enhancing Cognitive Fitness in Adults - ResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Elizabeth-Stine-Morrow/publication/225837079_A_Practical_Guide_to_Senior_Odyssey/links/5565fc0608aec22682ff1483/A-Practical-Guide-to-Senior-Odyssey.pdf
[13] Full article: What They Remember May Not Be What They Understand https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/26939169.2024.2334905
[14] The Round Up Podcast | NQRTH https://www.nqrth.edu.au/news/roundup-podcast/
[15] Balanced Crystalloid Solutions - PMC - PubMed Central https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6467313/
[16] A Mnemonic for Pharmacy Students to Use in Pharmacotherapy … https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3298398/
[17] Mnemonic training reshapes brain networks to support superior … https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5439266/
[18] SMART - The Bottom Line https://www.thebottomline.org.uk/summaries/icm/smart/
[19] [PDF] Rational Use of Intravenous Fluids in Critically Ill Patients https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/86123/978-3-031-42205-8.pdf;jsessionid=B6C8ED1C14DDFAB2DB17635EFF87FD1D?sequence=1
[20] The Impact of a Mnemonic Acronym on Learning and Performing a … https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6851171/
[21] [PDF] The Dialectical Behavior Therapy Skills Workbook https://cursosdepsicologia.com.ar/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/THEDIA1.pdf

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4
Q

GA trials

A

To effectively memorize findings from major general anaesthesia trials like ENIGMA, ENIGMA-2, PANDA, MASK, GAS, and BALANCE, you can employ several memory techniques:

Create a Memory Palace

Construct a mental “hospital” with different rooms for each trial:

  1. ENIGMA Room: Visualize nitrous oxide tanks with warning labels.
  2. ENIGMA-2 Room: Picture heart monitors showing improved cardiac outcomes.
  3. PANDA Room: Imagine colorful pandas wearing lab coats.
  4. MASK Room: Visualize masked children playing with cognitive test materials.
  5. GAS Room: Picture infants peacefully sleeping during surgery.
  6. BALANCE Room: Visualize a scale balancing different anaesthesia depths.

Use Acronyms and Mnemonics

Create memorable phrases using the first letters of key findings:

  • ENIGMA: “Nitrous Oxide Increases Complications” (NOIC)
  • GAS: “General Anaesthesia Seems Alright for Toddlers” (GASAT)

Associate Key Findings with Vivid Images

  • ENIGMA: Picture a nitrous oxide tank causing nausea and vomiting.
  • ENIGMA-2: Visualize a heart protected by a nitrous oxide shield.
  • PANDA: Imagine pandas solving cognitive puzzles unaffected by anaesthesia.
  • GAS: Picture a 5-year-old child emerging from anaesthesia with a perfect report card.

Create a Story

Weave the trials into a narrative:

“Dr. ENIGMA discovered nitrous oxide’s risks, but Dr. ENIGMA-2 found it safe for hearts. Meanwhile, Dr. PANDA and Dr. MASK studied children’s brains, while Dr. GAS focused on infants. Finally, Dr. BALANCE sought the perfect anaesthesia depth.”

Key Findings to Remember

  • ENIGMA (2007): Nitrous oxide associated with increased postoperative complications[1].
  • ENIGMA-2 (2014): Nitrous oxide did not increase cardiovascular complications in at-risk patients[34].
  • PANDA (2016): No difference in IQ scores between exposed and unexposed children[37].
  • MASK (2018): No significant cognitive deficits in children with multiple anaesthesia exposures[37].
  • GAS (2019): No difference in neurodevelopmental outcomes at age 5 between general and regional anaesthesia in infants[42].
  • BALANCE (2019): No significant difference in 1-year mortality between deep and light anaesthesia in elderly patients[38].

Practice Active Recall

Regularly quiz yourself on the key findings of each trial. Create flashcards or use spaced repetition software to reinforce your memory over time.

By combining these techniques and regularly reviewing the information, you can effectively memorize and recall the important findings from these general anaesthesia trials.

Sources
[1] [PDF] Items to Be Memorized: Clinical Trials https://vetmed.tamu.edu/peer/wp-content/uploads/sites/72/2020/09/items_to_be_memorized_clinicaltrials.pdf
[2] Effective Way of Studying and Learning in Medical School - PMC https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7775017/
[3] Medicine - Memory Techniques and Memory Palaces for Medical … https://mullenmemory.com/memory-palace-medicine
[4] Nitrous oxide in patients undergoing major surgery - ANZCA https://www.anzca.edu.au/profiles/ctn-trials/published/enigma-trial
[5] The clinical effectiveness of sertraline in primary care and the role of … https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpsy/article/PIIS2215-0366(19)30366-9/fulltext
[6] Neurodevelopmental outcome at 5 years of age after general … https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)32485-1/fulltext
[7] The Balance Program - Canadian Critical Care Trials Group https://www.ccctg.ca/programs/the-balance-program
[8] Memorization Strategies - UNC Learning Center https://learningcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/enhancing-your-memory/
[9] Nitrous oxide and long-term morbidity and mortality in the ENIGMA trial https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20861416/
[10] Memorizing Drug Trials and Clinical Studies - Mullen Memory https://mullenmemory.com/memory-palace/memorizing-drug-trials-and-clinical-studies
[11] Levels of Evidence - Evidence-Based Medicine https://guides.library.stonybrook.edu/evidence-based-medicine/levels_of_evidence
[12] How to Memorize 10X Faster [A Step-by-Step Guide] https://www.memorize.academy/blog/how-to-memorize-10x-faster
[13] Study investigates the best way to memorize details - Medical Xpress https://medicalxpress.com/news/2024-03-study-investigates-the-best-way.html
[14] What you should know about taking part in a clinical trial https://www.australianclinicaltrials.gov.au/participants/what-you-should-know
[15] Memorization Techniques - Ross Medical Education Center https://rosseducation.edu/new-students/memorization-techniques.php
[16] How to Read a Clinical Trial Paper: A Lesson in Basic Trial Statistics https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3380258/
[17] The Basics | National Institutes of Health (NIH) https://www.nih.gov/health-information/nih-clinical-research-trials-you/basics
[18] Boost your memory: Top 10 memorization techniques - Asana https://asana.com/ru/resources/memorization-techniques
[19] How to read a published clinical trial: A practical guide for clinicians https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7252615/
[20] Study designs - Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine https://www.cebm.ox.ac.uk/resources/ebm-tools/study-designs
[21] How clinical trials work https://www.australianclinicaltrials.gov.au/about/how-they-work
[22] Brain-based Techniques for Retention of Information https://medicine.llu.edu/academics/resources/brain-based-techniques-retention-information
[23] The international ENIGMA-II substudy on postoperative cognitive … https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-91014-8
[24] The PANDA study: a randomized phase II study of first-line FOLFOX … https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5784655/
[25] Impact of community masking on COVID-19: A cluster-randomized … https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9036942/
[26] General anaesthesia and neuro-development in infants undergoing … https://www.anzca.edu.au/profiles/ctn-trials/published/gas-trial
[27] Anaesthetic depth and complications in major surgery - ANZCA https://www.anzca.edu.au/profiles/ctn-trials/published/balanced-anaesthesia-study
[28] [PDF] Perioperative outcome after nitrous oxide anaesthesia: an ENIGMA … https://www.hkmj.org/system/files/hkm1403sp3p34_0.pdf
[29] The safety of addition of nitrous oxide to general anaesthesia in at … https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS014067361460893X.pdf
[30] PANDA Trial - PowerLab https://www.powerlab.site/research/panda-trial
[31] Personal protective effect of wearing surgical face masks in public … https://www.bmj.com/content/386/bmj-2023-078918
[32] Neurodevelopmental outcome at 2 years of age after general … https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26507180/
[33] Anaesthetic depth and delirium after major surgery: a randomised … https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8579421/
[34] The safety of addition of nitrous oxide to general anaesthesia in at … https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25142708/
[35] PANDA Trial: First-Line Treatment Regimens for Elderly Patients … https://ascopost.com/news/august-2023/panda-trial-first-line-treatment-regimens-for-elderly-patients-with-rasbraf-wild-type-metastatic-colorectal-cancer/
[36] Clinical efficacy and safety of a light mask for prevention of dark … https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29519744/
[37] GAS, PANDA, and MASK – No Evidence of Clinical Anesthetic … https://smarttots.org/gas-panda-and-mask-no-evidence-of-clinical-anesthetic-neurotoxicity/
[38] Anaesthetic depth and complications after major surgery - PubMed https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31645286/
[39] Nitrous oxide anaesthesia and cardiac morbidity after major surgery https://www.anzca.edu.au/Profiles/CTN-trials/Published/enigma-ii-trial
[40] the PANDA-S clinical cohort and qualitative study protocol - BMJ Open https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/11/9/e052758
[41] Impact of community masking on COVID-19: A cluster-randomized … https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abi9069
[42] Neurodevelopmental outcome at 5 years of age after … - PubMed https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30782342/
[43] lessons from the Balanced Anaesthesia Study https://www.bjanaesthesia.org.uk/article/S0007-0912(19)31017-7/fulltext
[44] ENIGMA-II Trial - Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education … https://www.monash.edu/medicine/sphpm/ccre/research/enigma
[45] a randomized phase II study of first-line FOLFOX plus panitumumab … https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29370781/
[46] Association between COVID-19 outcomes and mask mandates … https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0252315
[47] Neurodevelopmental outcome at 5 years of age after general https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(18)32485-1.pdf
[48] [PDF] secondary analyses of data from the Balanced randomised … https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.01.24314731v1.full.pdf
[49] Nitrous oxide in general anaesthesia – Authors’ reply - The Lancet https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(15)60152-0/fulltext
[50] Episode 147: PANS & PANDAS - Psychiatry & Psychotherapy Podcast https://www.psychiatrypodcast.com/psychiatry-psychotherapy-podcast/episode-147-pans-and-pandas
[51] The Effectiveness of Free Face Mask Distribution on Use of … - MDPI https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/17/8971
[52] Neurodevelopmental outcome at 5 years of age after general … https://acuresearchbank.acu.edu.au/item/8wv3w/neurodevelopmental-outcome-at-5-years-of-age-after-general-anaesthesia-or-awake-regional-anaesthesia-in-infancy-gas-an-international-multicentre-randomised-controlled-equivalence-trial
[53] Deep anaesthesia - The Lancet https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(20)30909-0.pdf
[54] Chronic postsurgical pain in the Evaluation of Nitrous Oxide in the … https://www.bjanaesthesia.org.uk/article/S0007-0912(17)37203-3/fulltext
[55] Initial Panitumumab Plus Fluorouracil, Leucovorin, and Oxaliplatin … https://ascopubs.org/doi/abs/10.1200/JCO.23.00506
[56] Efficacy of antihypertensive treatment for target organ protection in … https://www.thelancet.com/journals/eclinm/article/PIIS2589-5370(24)00315-8/fulltext
[57] Trial Review - ANZCTR - Registration https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=1422&isReview=true
[58] Things to remember when working on a clinical trial | Editage Insights https://www.editage.com/insights/an-introduction-to-clinical-trials-part-2-things-to-remember
[59] Memorization Techniques for Medical Exams/Practice https://forum.artofmemory.com/t/memorization-techniques-for-medical-exams-practice/81214
[60] Nitrous oxide and perioperative cardiac morbidity (ENIGMA-II) Trial https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19249419/
[61] Effectiveness of Adding a Mask Recommendation to Other Public … https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M20-6817

https://ketaminenightmares.com/fex/summaries/trials/general_anaesthesia_trials.htm

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Q

Haemodynamics
trialsa

A

To memorize findings of haemodynamic trials like PAC-MAN, OPTIMISE, FEDORA, ASPREE, and OPTIMISE-2, you can use several effective memory techniques:

Acronyms and Key Associations

Create acronyms or memorable phrases using the trial names and their key findings:

PAC-MAN: Pulmonary Artery Catheters - Management Alters Nothing
- No clear benefit or harm in managing critically ill patients with PACs[32]

OPTIMISE: Outcomes Positive, Though Intervention Marginally Improves Surgical Events
- Possible reduction in postoperative infections, but not definitive[38]

FEDORA: Fluid Enhancement Decreases Operative Risk Appreciably
- Goal-directed haemodynamic therapy reduced postoperative complications[12]

ASPREE: Aspirin Surprisingly Produces Risks, Especially Elderly
- No benefit in disability-free survival, increased bleeding risk in older adults[30]

OPTIMISE-2: Outcomes Pending, Time Improves Management In Surgical Elderly
- Ongoing trial, results not yet available[54]

Memory Palace Technique

Create a mental journey through a familiar place, associating each trial with a specific location:

  1. Entrance (PAC-MAN): Visualize a Pac-Man character eating dots shaped like pulmonary artery catheters, symbolizing no clear benefit.
  2. Living room (OPTIMISE): Picture a slightly cleaner room, representing marginal improvement in surgical outcomes.
  3. Kitchen (FEDORA): Imagine a chef wearing a fedora, precisely measuring fluids for cooking, symbolizing goal-directed fluid therapy.
  4. Bathroom (ASPREE): Visualize an elderly person carefully avoiding slipping, representing the increased bleeding risk.
  5. Bedroom (OPTIMISE-2): See an elderly person peacefully sleeping, awaiting the results of the ongoing trial.

Key Findings Summarization

Summarize the main findings of each trial in a concise, memorable format:

  • PAC-MAN: No clear benefit or harm in critical care management[32]
  • OPTIMISE: Possible infection reduction, but results not definitive[38]
  • FEDORA: Reduced postoperative complications with goal-directed therapy[12]
  • ASPREE: No benefit in healthy elderly, increased bleeding risk[30]
  • OPTIMISE-2: Ongoing trial, results pending[54]

Comparative Analysis

Create a mental table comparing the trials:

By using these techniques and regularly reviewing the information, you can effectively memorize the key findings of these haemodynamic trials. Remember to periodically update your memory aids as new research becomes available, especially for ongoing trials like OPTIMISE-2.

Sources
[1] ASPREE Australia: Home - Studying the effect of aspirin and other … https://aspree.org/aus/
[2] [PDF] Items to Be Memorized: Clinical Trials https://vetmed.tamu.edu/peer/wp-content/uploads/sites/72/2020/09/items_to_be_memorized_clinicaltrials.pdf
[3] Effective Way of Studying and Learning in Medical School - PMC https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7775017/
[4] Memorization tool bulks up brain’s internal connections, scientists say https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2017/03/memorization-tool-bulks-up-brains-internal-connections.html
[5] OPTIMISE - The Bottom Line https://www.thebottomline.org.uk/summaries/pom/optimise/
[6] FEDORA - The Bottom Line https://www.thebottomline.org.uk/summaries/pom/fedora/
[7] Information for Australian clinicians - ASPREE Australia https://aspree.org/aus/for-clinicians/
[8] PAC-MAN - The Bottom Line https://www.thebottomline.org.uk/summaries/icm/pac-man/
[9] OPTIMISE II - Health Research Authority https://www.hra.nhs.uk/planning-and-improving-research/application-summaries/research-summaries/optimise-ii/
[10] Memorization Strategies - UNC Learning Center https://learningcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/enhancing-your-memory/
[11] Optimisation of Perioperative Cardiovascular … - BMJ Open https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/9/1/e023455
[12] a multicentre randomised controlled trial (FEDORA trial) - PubMed https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29576114/
[13] PAC-Man: Pulmonary artery catheters for adult intensive care patients https://www.icnarc.org/research-studies/pac-man/
[14] Memorizing Drug Trials and Clinical Studies - Mullen Memory https://mullenmemory.com/memory-palace/memorizing-drug-trials-and-clinical-studies
[15] How to Read a Clinical Trial Paper: A Lesson in Basic Trial Statistics https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3380258/
[16] The Basics | National Institutes of Health (NIH) https://www.nih.gov/health-information/nih-clinical-research-trials-you/basics
[17] 4 memory techniques for successful study sessions https://www.utep.edu/extendeduniversity/utepconnect/blog/november-2017/4-memory-techniques-for-successful-study-sessions.html
[18] How to read a published clinical trial: A practical guide for clinicians https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7252615/
[19] Study designs - Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine https://www.cebm.ox.ac.uk/resources/ebm-tools/study-designs
[20] How to memorize things fast: 11 memorization techniques - Zapier https://zapier.com/blog/better-memory/
[21] How clinical trials work https://www.australianclinicaltrials.gov.au/about/how-they-work
[22] Brain-based Techniques for Retention of Information https://medicine.llu.edu/academics/resources/brain-based-techniques-retention-information
[23] Optimisation of peri-operative cardiovascular management to … https://www.icnarc.org/research-studies/optimise/
[24] [PDF] A study on the safety and effectiveness of fedratinib with … https://www.isrctn.com/pdf/88102629
[25] Information for Researchers - ASPREE USA https://aspree.org/usa/for-researchers/
[26] study protocol for a multicentre international trial of cardiac output … https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30647034/
[27] Effects of the PCSK9 Antibody Alirocumab on Coronary … https://www.acc.org/Latest-in-Cardiology/Clinical-Trials/2022/04/02/13/36/PACMAN-AMI
[28] OPTIMISE: a pragmatic stepped wedge cluster randomised trial of … https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2021/215/9/optimise-pragmatic-stepped-wedge-cluster-randomised-trial-intervention-improve
[29] ISRCTN88102629: A study on the safety and … - ISRCTN Registry https://www.isrctn.com/holding
[30] The ASPREE Trial: An Unanticipated Stimulus for Greater Precision … https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7936052/
[31] OPTIMISE 2 - Primary Care Clinical Trials Unit - University of Oxford https://www.phctrials.ox.ac.uk/recruiting-trials/optimise-2
[32] Assessment of the clinical effectiveness of pulmonary artery … https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16084255/
[33] OPTIMISE II randomised clinical trial | The BMJ https://www.bmj.com/content/387/bmj-2024-080439
[34] Effect of goal-directed haemodynamic therapy on postoperative … https://www.bjanaesthesia.org.uk/article/S0007-0912(17)54207-5/fulltext
[35] Studying the effect of aspirin and other factors on health and aging https://aspree.org/usa/
[36] OPTIMISE 2 - Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences https://www.phc.ox.ac.uk/research/institutes-units/phctrials/trial-portfolio/optimise-2
[37] PAC Literature Summaries - LITFL https://litfl.com/pac-literature-summaries/
[38] Effect of a Perioperative, Cardiac Output–Guided Hemodynamic … https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/1873985
[39] [PDF] Fedratinib combined with ropeginterferon alfa-2b in patients with … https://pure.qub.ac.uk/files/626170993/Protocol_paper.pdf
[40] Effect of Alirocumab Added to High-Intensity Statin Therapy on … https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2790913
[41] Effect of Antihypertensive Medication Reduction vs Usual Care on … https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2766421
[42] Effect of goal-directed haemodynamic therapy on postoperative … https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332329894_Effect_of_goal-directed_haemodynamic_therapy_on_postoperative_complications_in_low-moderate_risk_surgical_patients_a_multicentre_randomised_controlled_trial_FEDORA_trial
[43] Assessment of the clinical effectiveness of pulmonary artery … https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(05)67061-4/abstract
[44] OPTIMISE: a pragmatic stepped wedge cluster randomised trial of … https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9292802/
[45] TopMedTalk Journal Review of FEDORA study - Deltex Medical https://www.deltexmedical.com/news/topmedtalk-journal-review-of-fedora-study/
[46] Things to remember when working on a clinical trial | Editage Insights https://www.editage.com/insights/an-introduction-to-clinical-trials-part-2-things-to-remember
[47] Mnemonic training reshapes brain networks to support superior … https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5439266/
[48] Levels of Evidence - Evidence-Based Medicine https://guides.library.stonybrook.edu/evidence-based-medicine/levels_of_evidence
[49] Medicine - Memory Techniques and Memory Palaces for Medical … https://mullenmemory.com/memory-palace-medicine
[50] Study investigates the best way to memorize details - Medical Xpress https://medicalxpress.com/news/2024-03-study-investigates-the-best-way.html
[51] What you should know about taking part in a clinical trial https://www.australianclinicaltrials.gov.au/participants/what-you-should-know
[52] Science-Backed Memory Tips and Recall Techniques | USAHS https://www.usa.edu/blog/science-backed-memory-tips/
[53] PACMAN trial protocol, Perioperative Administration of … - BMJ Open https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/9/3/e021262
[54] OPTIMISE II Trial - Homepage https://optimiseii.org
[55] For Researchers: ASPREE trial and ASPREE-XT https://aspree.org/aus/for-researchers/

Trial | Population | Key Outcome |
|————|———————|—————————————-|
| PAC-MAN | Critically ill | No clear benefit |
| OPTIMISE | Surgical patients | Possible infection reduction |
| FEDORA | Surgical patients | Reduced complications |
| ASPREE | Healthy elderly | Increased bleeding risk |
| OPTIMISE-2 | Elderly surgical | Pending results |

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