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PDHPE > Trial > Flashcards

Trial Flashcards

1
Q

The use of epidemiology to describe health status.

A

Does not tell us why inequities exist, doesn’t accurately indicate quality of life, does not account for social, cultural, and economic factors that shape health.

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2
Q

What is Epidemiology

A

The study of patterns and causes of disease in given groups or populations.
Prevalence - number of cases diseases that exist.
Incidence - number of new cases of disease occurring.
Distribution - extent
Apparent causes - determinants.

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3
Q

Groups experiencing health inequities

A 
Aboriginal and Torres strait islanders.
Socioeconomically disadvantaged 
People in rural and remote areas
Overseas born people
The elderly 
People with disabilities
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4
Q

Statistics about aboriginal and Torres Strait islander.

A
  1. Leading causes of death: circulatory disease, cancer, diabetes and respiratory diseases.
  2. 4-5 times more likely to die from preventable causes.
  3. More likely to die from transport accidents, intentional self harm, assault.
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5
Q

What are the measures of epidemiology ?

A

Life expectancy
Morbidity
Mortality
Infant mortality

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5
Q

Nature and extent of health inequities of ATSI

A

The gap between indigenous and non indigenous is about 17 years.
Infant mortality and mortality rates three times higher.

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7
Q

What contributes to the poor health of ATSI?

A

Social factors: dispossession, dislocation, discrimination.

Disadvantages: lower education attainment, lower rates of home ownership, income, higher unemployment, lower incomes

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8
Q

Health inequities experienced by rural and remote people

A

Poorer health status, higher death rates, lower life expectancy

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9
Q

How can poorer health status be explained ? Rural and remote

A

Lack of access to health services
Lower socioeconomic status
Occupational hazards
Poorer living conditions

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10
Q

What are three major CVD conditions ?

A

Coronary heart disease
Stroke
Peripheral vascular disease

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11
Q

What is CVD

A

All the diseases and conditions of the heart and blood vessels.

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12
Q

Risk factors of CVD

A

Non modifiable - age, hereditary, gender.

Modifiable - smoking, high BP, high blood fats, overweight, and obesity, lack of physical exercise

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13
Q

Protective factors for CVD

A

Maintain healthy blood pressure and blood cholesterol, healthy lifestyle choices (not smoking, food, physical activity, weight)

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14
Q

What are the four classification of cancer?

A

Carcinoma - cancer of epithelial cells ( skin, mouth, breaths, lungs)

Sarcoma - cancer of bone, muscle of connective tissue
Leukaemia - cancer of blood - forming organs.

Lymphoma - cancer of infection - fighting organs.

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15
Q

Trends/statistics of cancer

A

Second most common cause of death

Increase in cancer incidence

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16
Q

What are the groups at risk for cancer

A

Smokers, socio economically disadvantaged, high fat, low fibre diet, family history, fair skin, sun exposure, women who have never given birth

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17
Q

Growing and ageing population

A

65 years and over add up to 13% of population

Leading cause of death in this age group is heart disease and cerebrovascular disease.

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18
Q

What is causing the ageing population to grow?

A

Families having fewer children

Living longer.

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19
Q

What is community care?

A

A program to assist the elderly to manage daily activities within their home.

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20
Q

Likelihood to be exposed to the following risk factors for ATSI

A

Tobacco use, alcohol consumption, overweight obesity, illicit drug use.

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21
Q

Roles of governments addressing the health inequities for ATSI

A

Agencies Co-ordinate indigenous health services (office of ATSI health)
Assist with health services - substance use/abuse, housing and community and services, development and research.

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22
Q

Roles of community in addressing inequities for ATSI

A

Improve access and stronger deliver of primary health care.
Services provided:
- Health education, clinical care, promotion, screening, immunisation and counselling
- transport to appointments, hearing health, sexual health, substance use and mental health.

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23
Q

Individuals addressing health inequities for ATSI

A

Individuals need to increase their protective health behaviours. Factors include age, family history, community support, education, role modelling, access to health services.
Access to health services and education have the greatest impact on ATSI

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24
Q

Socioeconomically disadvantaged nature and extent

A 
Increased mortality and morbidity 
Increased infant mortality 
Decreased education about health - less informed 
Increased heart disease
Increased prevalence of smoking
Decreased use of health services
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25
Q

Government, community and individuals reducing health inequities

A

Medicare, PBS, funding for education

Media promoting health, fun runs

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26
Q

People in rural and remote

A

Increased mortality, increased heart disease, injury, diabetes, suicide and accidental death.
Poor access to health services and low Socioeconomic statues contributes to these health inequities.

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27
Q

Role of government, community and individuals addressing inequities for rural and remote

A

H

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28
Q

Australians born overseas

A

Enjoy high levels of health
Decreased death rates
Only people experiencing good health can immigrate
Increased rate of lung cancer (U.K) and diabetes (Asia)
Suffer from mental health problems due to resettlement, have difficulties accessing health services, socioeconomically disadvantaged

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29
Q

The elderly inequities

A 
Australia has an ageing population
Elderly are living longer
Leading causes of death CHD and cancer 
Arthritis is most coming condition
Other conditions include hypertension, visual and hearing loss, dementia and fracture
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30
Q

People with disabilities inequities

A

Disability - lack of ability to perform everyday functions
Handicap - disadvantage resulting from impairment that limits or prevents everyday activities
Most frequent include arthritis, hearing loss, mental disorders and musculoskeletal disorders

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31
Q

What are two types of residential aged care?

A

Low level - assistance with meals, laundry, cleaning and personal care.

Hugh level - provides nursing care, meals, laundry, cleaning and personal care.

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32
Q

Levels of responsibility

A

Individual
Government
Non government organisations
Community

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33
Q

How to identify priority health issues.

A 
Social justice principles
Prevalence of condition
Potential for prevention and early intervention
Cost to the individual and community 
Priority population groups
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34
Q

Types of training

A

Aerobic
Anaerobic
Strength
Flexibility

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35
Q

Types of aerobic training

A

Continuous
Fartlek
Interval
Circuit

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36
Q

Types of flexibility training

A

PNF
Dynamic
Ballistic
Static

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37
Q

Types of strength training

A

Resistance (concentric)
Weight training (isotonic, concentric, eccentric)
Isometric

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38
Q

Energy systems

A

ATP/PC
Lactic acid
Aerobic

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39
Q

ATP/PC (source of fuel, efficiency, duration, cause of fatigue, rate of recovery, by product, example)

A 
Creative phosphate and ATP
Very efficient 
10-12 seconds
Unable to re-synthesise 
Heat
2 minutes - 50%, no longer than 4 minutes 
Weight lifter, long jumper
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40
Q

Lactic acid system (source of fuel, efficiency, duration, cause of fatigue, rate of recovery, by product, example)

A

Carbohydrates and glycogen
Efficient
30 secs - just over 3 minutes ( varies with intensity)
20minutes - 2 hours to remove lactic acid.
Lactic acid build up, OBLA
400m sprint

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41
Q

Aerobic system (source of fuel, efficiency, duration, cause of fatigue, rate of recovery, by product, example)

A 
Carbohydrates, fats, protein in extreme cases 
Efficient and endless at low intensities 
Intensity dependant, last hours
Hours to days, correlation between intensity and recover. 
Carbon dioxide (expired)and water (sweat)
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42
Q

Principles of training

A 
Progressive overload
Specificity
Variety
Reversibility 
Training thresholds
Warm up and cool down
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43
Q

Progressive overload

A

Gradually increasing the load that your body is working against. Alter the intensity and volume of sessions and the frequency of training.

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44
Q

Specificity

A

Implies a close relationship between training activities and those used in an event.
Muscles - appropriate muscle groups being trained.
Movement - movement patterns being used Mirror those performed in competition.
Metabolic - energy systems are being trained in the proportions to which they are used in performance.

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45
Q

Reversibility

A

The effects of training can reverse as a result of de training.

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46
Q

Variety

A

Used to avoid boredom, associated with repetitious, eg training for endurance events.
Promotes enthusiasm and motivation. Eg stationary training for cyclists

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47
Q

Training thresholds

A

Points that indicate the zone for athletic improvement to occur.
Aerobic threshold - 60-80% maximum HR. Gives max fat burning and health benefits from cardioVascular activity.
Anaerobic threshold - OBLA occurs, results in fatigue and trains in aerobic system again. Training causing increase tolerance to lactic acid

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48
Q

Warm up and cool down

A

Reduce risk of injury
Prepares athlete mentally
Increase body temp and enzyme activity to promote faster muscle contractions.
Stimulate respiratory and cardiovascular system to increase blood flow to muscles.

Brings HR back to normal
Prevents muscle soreness

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49
Q

Physiological adaptations to training

A 
Heart rate
Stroke volume 
Cardiac output 
Haemoglobin levels 
Lung capacity
Oxygen uptake
Hypertrophy 
Effect of fast/slow twitch muscle fibres
50
Q

Heart rate

A

Beats per minute

Trained athlete has lower heart rate

51
Q

Stroke volume and cardiac output

A

Amount of blood ejected from the heart per beat.
Increase in stroke volume due to endurance training.

Amount of blood ejected from the heart per minutes. Q=HR x SV

52
Q

Haemoglobin levels

A

Haemoglobin - transports oxygen around the body to working muscles and body parts that require oxygen.
Found in red blood cells.
Increases with training and increase further when training at high altitudes.

53
Q

Oxygen up take and lung capacity.

A

Amount of oxygen the body uses per minutes, the maximum capacity of an individual’s body to transport and utilise oxygen. Improves as a result of training.

Amount of air that the lungs can hold with one breathe.

54
Q

Muscle hypertrophy

A

Increase in size of the muscle.

55
Q

Effect on fast/slow twitch muscle fibres

A

Fast twitch - explosive movements, sprints, white fibres.
Slow twitch - longer, slower contractions, endurance, red fibres.
Adaptations that occur (slow) - hypertrophy, capillary supply, mitochondria function, myoglobin content
Fast twitch muscle fibres need to be trained other reversibility occurs.
Adaptations (fast) - hypertrophy, ATP/PC supplies, lactic acid supplies

56
Q

What is motivation

A

Internal state or condition that activates behaviour and gives it direction, desire or wants that energise and directs goal orientated behaviour.

57
Q

Positive and negative

A

Positive - includes praise, rewards and recognition for good performance.
Negative - involves completing tasks out of fear because the athlete is aware that there will be undesirable consequences. Eg, being replaced due to making too many errors.

58
Q

Intrinsic and extrinsic

A

Intrinsic - motivation from within which is a result of interest/enjoyment. Main motivation for young people
Extrinsic - desire to perform is in anticipation of an external reward (money).

59
Q

What is anxiety?

A

Anxiety - body’s response psychologically to a given stimulus/situation.

60
Q

What is trait anxiety

A

General level of stress that varies according to the individual. Can perceive non threatening situations as threatening.

61
Q

What is state anxiety?

A

More specific, heightened emotions that develop in response to fear or danger.

62
Q

Sources of stress

A

Personal pressure
Competition pressure
Social pressure
Physical pressure

63
Q

What is arousal

A

Physiological processes of the body and its ability to respond to certain situations.
Inverted U hypothesis.

64
Q

What is concentration (focus)?

A

The ability to completely focus attention on appropriate cues to enable optimum performance. External and internal factors.

65
Q

What is mental rehearsal and visualisation?

A

Mental rehearsal - technique of picturing the performance or skill before executing it

Visualisation - relates specifically to pictures in the mind of a performance that will be undertaken. Imagining the skill from their perspective.

66
Q

Relaxation techniques

A

Seek control of body’s responses to stress. Used to manage anxiety to achieve correct arousal level.
Meditation, progressive muscular relaxation - reduce stress and calm the athletes.

67
Q

Goal setting

A 
Essential for development. 
Specific 
Measurable 
Adjustable 
Realistic 
Time
68
Q

Nutritional considerations - pre performance

A

65% carbohydrates
20% fats
15% protein

Carb loading
Hydration

69
Q

Nutritional consideration - during performance

A 
Consume carbs (30-60g/hr) - eg energy bar, bananas 
Hydration - sports drink
70
Q

Recovery strategies

A

Physiological
Neural
Tissue damage strategies
Psychological strategies

71
Q

Physiological recovery strategy

A

Cool down (active recovery) - easiest and simplest form of recovery. Restores muscle to previous state, disposed of lactic acid, cost effective.

Hydration - drink fluids post performance to replenish lost fluid. Gets body back to original state, reduces effects of dehydration.

72
Q

Neural recovery strategies

A

Hydrotherapy - steam room, spas. Water provided buoyancy, allows for support to complete easy exercise with minimum impact on the body. Assists with maintaining fitness after injury, decreases muscle soreness.
Massage - manipulation of the muscles, reduces the lactic acid levels in body, aids recovery of soft tissue injuries.

73
Q

Tissue damage recovery strategies

A

Cryotherapy - use of colliding as a mean of treating injuries. Vasoconstriction in blood vessels due to cold decrease amount of blood and scar tissue build up.

74
Q

Psychological recovery strategies

A

Flotation tanks, soothing music, sleep, meditation - decrease heart rate, arousal level and blood pressure, relax muscles, allows injury to heal.

75
Q

Types of supplements

A

Vitamins
Caffeine
Protein
Creative products

76
Q

Vitamins

A

B vitamins produce energy from the fuel sources in the diet.

77
Q

Caffeine

A

Cognitive function, increase concentration and alertness. Performance enhancement, assists with metabolism. Found in coffee, tea and cola. Excess may cause dehydration.

78
Q

Protein

A

Growth and repair maintenance of body tissue. Found in fish, chicken, cheese, cereals, protein bars, red meat. Excess can cause kidney failure

79
Q

Creatine

A

Resynthesis of ATP, found in meat and supplements. Can cause muscle cramps, increased weight if not using.

80
Q

Stages of skill acquisition

A

Cognitive
Associative
Autonomous

81
Q

Cognitive stage

A

Lots of mistakes
Needs coach to teach basics of the skill by demonstrating and by being patient, pointing out mistakes, kinaesthetic demonstration.

82
Q

Associative stage

A

Long stage of which may never pass
Fewer errors
Co-ordinated movements
Starts to anticipate and have feelings of success
Coaches can add other environmental pressures (eg defence elements, crowds)

83
Q

Autonomous stage

A

Few errors
Fluid movements
Can focus on other cues
Need highly structured training with highly specific feedback
Can anticipate and fix mistakes as they come

84
Q

Characteristic of the learner

A 
Personality 
Ability
Confidence
Prior experience 
Ability
85
Q

The learning environment - nature of the skill

A

Open and closed skills
Gross and fine motor skills
Discrete, serial, continuous
Self paced and externally paced

86
Q

the learning environment - performance elements

A

Decision making

Strategic and tactical development

87
Q

The learning environment - practice method

A

Massed
Distributed
Part
Whole

88
Q

The learning environment - feedback

A

Internal and external
Concurrent, delayed
Knowledge of results
Knowledge of performance

89
Q

What is an objective measure

A

When judges or testers apply the same criteria to measure a performance (eg high jump)

90
Q

What are subjective measures

A

A judgment based on feelings, opinions, impressions rather than measurement (eg diving)

91
Q

What is validity

A

The degree in which the test measures what it is supposed to.

92
Q

What is reliability ?

A

Degree of consistency

Ability to produce the same results on successive occasions.

93
Q

What is personal criteria

A

Preconceived idea and expectations that an individual brings to judge a performance (eg coach picking a team based on the previous weeks performance)

94
Q

What is prescribed criteria

A

Established by sports organisations or bodies who form the basis of assessment for completions in that sport ( eg criteria, level of difficulty)

95
Q

Assessment of skill and performance

A

Validity and reliability
Subjective and objective
Personal criteria vs judging criteria

96
Q

Nutritional consideration - post performance

A

Rebel carbs
Replenish fluid
Replace depleted muscle glycogen stores (high GI diet)
Active rest

98
Q

What is a direct injury

A

Injuries that are caused by an external force applied to the body, a collision.

98
Q

What is an indirect injury

A

Injuries that are caused by an intrinsic force.

98
Q

Ways to classify sports injuries

A

Direct and Indirect
Soft and hard tissue
Overuse

99
Q

What is a soft tissue injury?

A

Injuries to all tissue other than bones or teeth

100
Q

What is a hard tissue injury

A

Injuries to bones or teeth

101
Q

What is an overuse injury

A

Injuries that are caused by overuse of specific body regions over long periods of time.

102
Q

What is a fracture

A

A break in a bone

103
Q

What is a stress fracture

A

Small incomplete bone fractures caused by repeated pounding, can result from overuse.

104
Q

What is a tear

A

When a tissue is excessively stretched or severed, include sprains and strains

105
Q

What is a sprain

A

The stretching or tearing of a ligament

106
Q

Strain

A

Occur when a muscle or tendon is stretched or torn

107
Q

Assessment of injuries

A 
TOTAPS
Talk
Observer 
Touch
Active movement 
Passive movement 
Skills test
108
Q

Children and young athletes - medical conditions

A

Asthma
Diabetes
Epilepsy

109
Q

Children and young athletes - overuse injuries (stress fractures)

A

At a greater risk due to incomplete growth. Can cause chronic injuries and growth impairment.

110
Q

Signs of overuse injuries

A

Pain
Swelling
Change in form or technique

111
Q

Children and young athletes - thermoregulation

A

They have less developed bodies and therefore their effectors are not as weep developed. Eg sweat glands

112
Q

Regulations that are placed on child athletes

A

Temperature
Weather
Time of day
Intensity/duration

113
Q

Resistance training - children and young athletes

A

Resistance (body weight only)
Technique has to be perfect
Warm up
Age

114
Q

Return to play - indicators of readiness to return to play

A 
Elasticity 
Strength
Mobility
Pain free
Balance
115
Q

Return to play - monitoring athletes progress

A

Compare pre and post performance sports specific

116
Q

Return to play - psychological readiness

A

Athletes may be over enthusiastic, be under pressure to perform, or be under confident

117
Q

Return to play - specific warm up procedures

A

Specific to the injured area

118
Q

Return to play - policies and procedures

A

They usually apply in sport at a professional level

119
Q

Return to play - policies and procedures might consist of

A

Physio / doctor consultation
Coach consultation
Discussion
Assessment (eg skills test)

120
Q

Return to play - ethical considerations painkillers

A

Could result in further injury prolong the healing process

121
Q

Stages of a rehabilitation plan

A

Mobilisation
Graduated exercises (Stretching, conditioning, total body fitness)
Training
Use of heat and cold

PDHPE (8 decks)

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