Trial Flashcards
The use of epidemiology to describe health status.
Does not tell us why inequities exist, doesn’t accurately indicate quality of life, does not account for social, cultural, and economic factors that shape health.
What is Epidemiology
The study of patterns and causes of disease in given groups or populations.
Prevalence - number of cases diseases that exist.
Incidence - number of new cases of disease occurring.
Distribution - extent
Apparent causes - determinants.
Groups experiencing health inequities
Aboriginal and Torres strait islanders. Socioeconomically disadvantaged People in rural and remote areas Overseas born people The elderly People with disabilities
Statistics about aboriginal and Torres Strait islander.
- Leading causes of death: circulatory disease, cancer, diabetes and respiratory diseases.
- 4-5 times more likely to die from preventable causes.
- More likely to die from transport accidents, intentional self harm, assault.
What are the measures of epidemiology ?
Life expectancy
Morbidity
Mortality
Infant mortality
Nature and extent of health inequities of ATSI
The gap between indigenous and non indigenous is about 17 years.
Infant mortality and mortality rates three times higher.
What contributes to the poor health of ATSI?
Social factors: dispossession, dislocation, discrimination.
Disadvantages: lower education attainment, lower rates of home ownership, income, higher unemployment, lower incomes
Health inequities experienced by rural and remote people
Poorer health status, higher death rates, lower life expectancy
How can poorer health status be explained ? Rural and remote
Lack of access to health services
Lower socioeconomic status
Occupational hazards
Poorer living conditions
What are three major CVD conditions ?
Coronary heart disease
Stroke
Peripheral vascular disease
What is CVD
All the diseases and conditions of the heart and blood vessels.
Risk factors of CVD
Non modifiable - age, hereditary, gender.
Modifiable - smoking, high BP, high blood fats, overweight, and obesity, lack of physical exercise
Protective factors for CVD
Maintain healthy blood pressure and blood cholesterol, healthy lifestyle choices (not smoking, food, physical activity, weight)
What are the four classification of cancer?
Carcinoma - cancer of epithelial cells ( skin, mouth, breaths, lungs)
Sarcoma - cancer of bone, muscle of connective tissue
Leukaemia - cancer of blood - forming organs.
Lymphoma - cancer of infection - fighting organs.
Trends/statistics of cancer
Second most common cause of death
Increase in cancer incidence
What are the groups at risk for cancer
Smokers, socio economically disadvantaged, high fat, low fibre diet, family history, fair skin, sun exposure, women who have never given birth
Growing and ageing population
65 years and over add up to 13% of population
Leading cause of death in this age group is heart disease and cerebrovascular disease.
What is causing the ageing population to grow?
Families having fewer children
Living longer.
What is community care?
A program to assist the elderly to manage daily activities within their home.
Likelihood to be exposed to the following risk factors for ATSI
Tobacco use, alcohol consumption, overweight obesity, illicit drug use.
Roles of governments addressing the health inequities for ATSI
Agencies Co-ordinate indigenous health services (office of ATSI health)
Assist with health services - substance use/abuse, housing and community and services, development and research.
Roles of community in addressing inequities for ATSI
Improve access and stronger deliver of primary health care.
Services provided:
- Health education, clinical care, promotion, screening, immunisation and counselling
- transport to appointments, hearing health, sexual health, substance use and mental health.
Individuals addressing health inequities for ATSI
Individuals need to increase their protective health behaviours. Factors include age, family history, community support, education, role modelling, access to health services.
Access to health services and education have the greatest impact on ATSI
Socioeconomically disadvantaged nature and extent
Increased mortality and morbidity Increased infant mortality Decreased education about health - less informed Increased heart disease Increased prevalence of smoking Decreased use of health services
Government, community and individuals reducing health inequities
Medicare, PBS, funding for education
Media promoting health, fun runs
People in rural and remote
Increased mortality, increased heart disease, injury, diabetes, suicide and accidental death.
Poor access to health services and low Socioeconomic statues contributes to these health inequities.
Role of government, community and individuals addressing inequities for rural and remote
H
Australians born overseas
Enjoy high levels of health
Decreased death rates
Only people experiencing good health can immigrate
Increased rate of lung cancer (U.K) and diabetes (Asia)
Suffer from mental health problems due to resettlement, have difficulties accessing health services, socioeconomically disadvantaged
The elderly inequities
Australia has an ageing population Elderly are living longer Leading causes of death CHD and cancer Arthritis is most coming condition Other conditions include hypertension, visual and hearing loss, dementia and fracture
People with disabilities inequities
Disability - lack of ability to perform everyday functions
Handicap - disadvantage resulting from impairment that limits or prevents everyday activities
Most frequent include arthritis, hearing loss, mental disorders and musculoskeletal disorders
What are two types of residential aged care?
Low level - assistance with meals, laundry, cleaning and personal care.
Hugh level - provides nursing care, meals, laundry, cleaning and personal care.
Levels of responsibility
Individual
Government
Non government organisations
Community
How to identify priority health issues.
Social justice principles Prevalence of condition Potential for prevention and early intervention Cost to the individual and community Priority population groups
Types of training
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Strength
Flexibility
Types of aerobic training
Continuous
Fartlek
Interval
Circuit
Types of flexibility training
PNF
Dynamic
Ballistic
Static
Types of strength training
Resistance (concentric)
Weight training (isotonic, concentric, eccentric)
Isometric
Energy systems
ATP/PC
Lactic acid
Aerobic
ATP/PC (source of fuel, efficiency, duration, cause of fatigue, rate of recovery, by product, example)
Creative phosphate and ATP Very efficient 10-12 seconds Unable to re-synthesise Heat 2 minutes - 50%, no longer than 4 minutes Weight lifter, long jumper
Lactic acid system (source of fuel, efficiency, duration, cause of fatigue, rate of recovery, by product, example)
Carbohydrates and glycogen
Efficient
30 secs - just over 3 minutes ( varies with intensity)
20minutes - 2 hours to remove lactic acid.
Lactic acid build up, OBLA
400m sprint
Aerobic system (source of fuel, efficiency, duration, cause of fatigue, rate of recovery, by product, example)
Carbohydrates, fats, protein in extreme cases Efficient and endless at low intensities Intensity dependant, last hours Hours to days, correlation between intensity and recover. Carbon dioxide (expired)and water (sweat)
Principles of training
Progressive overload Specificity Variety Reversibility Training thresholds Warm up and cool down
Progressive overload
Gradually increasing the load that your body is working against. Alter the intensity and volume of sessions and the frequency of training.
Specificity
Implies a close relationship between training activities and those used in an event.
Muscles - appropriate muscle groups being trained.
Movement - movement patterns being used Mirror those performed in competition.
Metabolic - energy systems are being trained in the proportions to which they are used in performance.
Reversibility
The effects of training can reverse as a result of de training.
Variety
Used to avoid boredom, associated with repetitious, eg training for endurance events.
Promotes enthusiasm and motivation. Eg stationary training for cyclists
Training thresholds
Points that indicate the zone for athletic improvement to occur.
Aerobic threshold - 60-80% maximum HR. Gives max fat burning and health benefits from cardioVascular activity.
Anaerobic threshold - OBLA occurs, results in fatigue and trains in aerobic system again. Training causing increase tolerance to lactic acid
Warm up and cool down
Reduce risk of injury
Prepares athlete mentally
Increase body temp and enzyme activity to promote faster muscle contractions.
Stimulate respiratory and cardiovascular system to increase blood flow to muscles.
Brings HR back to normal
Prevents muscle soreness
Physiological adaptations to training
Heart rate Stroke volume Cardiac output Haemoglobin levels Lung capacity Oxygen uptake Hypertrophy Effect of fast/slow twitch muscle fibres
Heart rate
Beats per minute
Trained athlete has lower heart rate
Stroke volume and cardiac output
Amount of blood ejected from the heart per beat.
Increase in stroke volume due to endurance training.
Amount of blood ejected from the heart per minutes. Q=HR x SV
Haemoglobin levels
Haemoglobin - transports oxygen around the body to working muscles and body parts that require oxygen.
Found in red blood cells.
Increases with training and increase further when training at high altitudes.
Oxygen up take and lung capacity.
Amount of oxygen the body uses per minutes, the maximum capacity of an individual’s body to transport and utilise oxygen. Improves as a result of training.
Amount of air that the lungs can hold with one breathe.
Muscle hypertrophy
Increase in size of the muscle.
Effect on fast/slow twitch muscle fibres
Fast twitch - explosive movements, sprints, white fibres.
Slow twitch - longer, slower contractions, endurance, red fibres.
Adaptations that occur (slow) - hypertrophy, capillary supply, mitochondria function, myoglobin content
Fast twitch muscle fibres need to be trained other reversibility occurs.
Adaptations (fast) - hypertrophy, ATP/PC supplies, lactic acid supplies
What is motivation
Internal state or condition that activates behaviour and gives it direction, desire or wants that energise and directs goal orientated behaviour.
Positive and negative
Positive - includes praise, rewards and recognition for good performance.
Negative - involves completing tasks out of fear because the athlete is aware that there will be undesirable consequences. Eg, being replaced due to making too many errors.
Intrinsic and extrinsic
Intrinsic - motivation from within which is a result of interest/enjoyment. Main motivation for young people
Extrinsic - desire to perform is in anticipation of an external reward (money).
What is anxiety?
Anxiety - body’s response psychologically to a given stimulus/situation.
What is trait anxiety
General level of stress that varies according to the individual. Can perceive non threatening situations as threatening.
What is state anxiety?
More specific, heightened emotions that develop in response to fear or danger.
Sources of stress
Personal pressure
Competition pressure
Social pressure
Physical pressure
What is arousal
Physiological processes of the body and its ability to respond to certain situations.
Inverted U hypothesis.
What is concentration (focus)?
The ability to completely focus attention on appropriate cues to enable optimum performance. External and internal factors.
What is mental rehearsal and visualisation?
Mental rehearsal - technique of picturing the performance or skill before executing it
Visualisation - relates specifically to pictures in the mind of a performance that will be undertaken. Imagining the skill from their perspective.
Relaxation techniques
Seek control of body’s responses to stress. Used to manage anxiety to achieve correct arousal level.
Meditation, progressive muscular relaxation - reduce stress and calm the athletes.
Goal setting
Essential for development. Specific Measurable Adjustable Realistic Time
Nutritional considerations - pre performance
65% carbohydrates
20% fats
15% protein
Carb loading
Hydration
Nutritional consideration - during performance
Consume carbs (30-60g/hr) - eg energy bar, bananas Hydration - sports drink
Recovery strategies
Physiological
Neural
Tissue damage strategies
Psychological strategies
Physiological recovery strategy
Cool down (active recovery) - easiest and simplest form of recovery. Restores muscle to previous state, disposed of lactic acid, cost effective.
Hydration - drink fluids post performance to replenish lost fluid. Gets body back to original state, reduces effects of dehydration.
Neural recovery strategies
Hydrotherapy - steam room, spas. Water provided buoyancy, allows for support to complete easy exercise with minimum impact on the body. Assists with maintaining fitness after injury, decreases muscle soreness.
Massage - manipulation of the muscles, reduces the lactic acid levels in body, aids recovery of soft tissue injuries.
Tissue damage recovery strategies
Cryotherapy - use of colliding as a mean of treating injuries. Vasoconstriction in blood vessels due to cold decrease amount of blood and scar tissue build up.
Psychological recovery strategies
Flotation tanks, soothing music, sleep, meditation - decrease heart rate, arousal level and blood pressure, relax muscles, allows injury to heal.
Types of supplements
Vitamins
Caffeine
Protein
Creative products
Vitamins
B vitamins produce energy from the fuel sources in the diet.
Caffeine
Cognitive function, increase concentration and alertness. Performance enhancement, assists with metabolism. Found in coffee, tea and cola. Excess may cause dehydration.
Protein
Growth and repair maintenance of body tissue. Found in fish, chicken, cheese, cereals, protein bars, red meat. Excess can cause kidney failure
Creatine
Resynthesis of ATP, found in meat and supplements. Can cause muscle cramps, increased weight if not using.
Stages of skill acquisition
Cognitive
Associative
Autonomous
Cognitive stage
Lots of mistakes
Needs coach to teach basics of the skill by demonstrating and by being patient, pointing out mistakes, kinaesthetic demonstration.
Associative stage
Long stage of which may never pass
Fewer errors
Co-ordinated movements
Starts to anticipate and have feelings of success
Coaches can add other environmental pressures (eg defence elements, crowds)
Autonomous stage
Few errors
Fluid movements
Can focus on other cues
Need highly structured training with highly specific feedback
Can anticipate and fix mistakes as they come
Characteristic of the learner
Personality Ability Confidence Prior experience Ability
The learning environment - nature of the skill
Open and closed skills
Gross and fine motor skills
Discrete, serial, continuous
Self paced and externally paced
the learning environment - performance elements
Decision making
Strategic and tactical development
The learning environment - practice method
Massed
Distributed
Part
Whole
The learning environment - feedback
Internal and external
Concurrent, delayed
Knowledge of results
Knowledge of performance
What is an objective measure
When judges or testers apply the same criteria to measure a performance (eg high jump)
What are subjective measures
A judgment based on feelings, opinions, impressions rather than measurement (eg diving)
What is validity
The degree in which the test measures what it is supposed to.
What is reliability ?
Degree of consistency
Ability to produce the same results on successive occasions.
What is personal criteria
Preconceived idea and expectations that an individual brings to judge a performance (eg coach picking a team based on the previous weeks performance)
What is prescribed criteria
Established by sports organisations or bodies who form the basis of assessment for completions in that sport ( eg criteria, level of difficulty)
Assessment of skill and performance
Validity and reliability
Subjective and objective
Personal criteria vs judging criteria
Nutritional consideration - post performance
Rebel carbs
Replenish fluid
Replace depleted muscle glycogen stores (high GI diet)
Active rest
What is a direct injury
Injuries that are caused by an external force applied to the body, a collision.
What is an indirect injury
Injuries that are caused by an intrinsic force.
Ways to classify sports injuries
Direct and Indirect
Soft and hard tissue
Overuse
What is a soft tissue injury?
Injuries to all tissue other than bones or teeth
What is a hard tissue injury
Injuries to bones or teeth
What is an overuse injury
Injuries that are caused by overuse of specific body regions over long periods of time.
What is a fracture
A break in a bone
What is a stress fracture
Small incomplete bone fractures caused by repeated pounding, can result from overuse.
What is a tear
When a tissue is excessively stretched or severed, include sprains and strains
What is a sprain
The stretching or tearing of a ligament
Strain
Occur when a muscle or tendon is stretched or torn
Assessment of injuries
TOTAPS Talk Observer Touch Active movement Passive movement Skills test
Children and young athletes - medical conditions
Asthma
Diabetes
Epilepsy
Children and young athletes - overuse injuries (stress fractures)
At a greater risk due to incomplete growth. Can cause chronic injuries and growth impairment.
Signs of overuse injuries
Pain
Swelling
Change in form or technique
Children and young athletes - thermoregulation
They have less developed bodies and therefore their effectors are not as weep developed. Eg sweat glands
Regulations that are placed on child athletes
Temperature
Weather
Time of day
Intensity/duration
Resistance training - children and young athletes
Resistance (body weight only)
Technique has to be perfect
Warm up
Age
Return to play - indicators of readiness to return to play
Elasticity Strength Mobility Pain free Balance
Return to play - monitoring athletes progress
Compare pre and post performance sports specific
Return to play - psychological readiness
Athletes may be over enthusiastic, be under pressure to perform, or be under confident
Return to play - specific warm up procedures
Specific to the injured area
Return to play - policies and procedures
They usually apply in sport at a professional level
Return to play - policies and procedures might consist of
Physio / doctor consultation
Coach consultation
Discussion
Assessment (eg skills test)
Return to play - ethical considerations painkillers
Could result in further injury prolong the healing process
Stages of a rehabilitation plan
Mobilisation
Graduated exercises (Stretching, conditioning, total body fitness)
Training
Use of heat and cold
