Half Yearly Revision Flashcards
Growing and ageing population experiences
Better health, less of a burden on the health care system but because there are more older Australians there is a burden placed on the health system.
Growing and ageing population - statistics
65 years and over grew 200%
85 years and over grew 700%
Leading killer of Australians over 65 years
Coronary heart disease
Healthy older Australians
Less likely to leave workforce More likely to enjoy retirement Contribute to their communities Fewer health care needs Experience less chronic disease/disability
Risk factors for CVD
Smoking, diet high in fat, sedentary lifestyle, high blood pressure and lack of physical activity.
Risk factors for cancer
Smoking, exposure to carcinogens, high fat diet, low fibre diet
Health status comparison between indigenous and non indigenous
Median age for indigenous is 21 years and for non indigenous is 36 years. 17 year gap between for life expectancy.
Ottawa charter
Developing personal skills Creating supportive environments Strengthening community action Re orienting health service Building healthy public policy
Trends in health status
Incidence increasing, mortality decreasing
What is metastasis
When the tumour spreads through the blood stream to affect other parts of the body.
Responsibility of federal government
Policies, assistance programs, control funds and support special programs.
Responsibilities of state governments
Finding for all health and community services, regulate private hospitals and immunisation programs.
Health care expenditure - recurrent and capital
Recurrent is on going costs - salaries bandages.
Capital is infrequent costs (buildings, equipment)
Social justice principles
D - diversity R - rights A - access P - participation E - equity S - supportive environments
Major causes of mortality for age groups
Injury - young
CVD - elderly
Why the increase in alternative healthcare ?
Diversity and flexibility
Availability and affordability
Widespread acceptance in low and middle income countries
Low level of technological input
What are some alternative therapies?
Acupuncture
Chiropractic
Massage
Meditation
What are the risk factors for CVD?
Lack of physical activity, diet high in fat, sedentary lifestyle, smoking and high blood pressure.
Cancer mortality rates?
Slight improvement in diagnostic and treatment.
Decrease mortality, increased incidence.
Private health insurance benefits?
Special benefits, option to cover extra services such as medical, ancillary, dental and optical.
Patients have a choice of hospital service.
Shorter waiting lists for surgery.
Decreased demand on public services.
What types of CVD are there?
Coronary heart disease - results from blockages to the coronary arteries, cause by fatty deposits on the inner wall of artery.
Cerebrovascular disease (stroke) - effects brain, when blood supply to the brain is cut off or severely restricted.
Peripheral vascular disease - reduced circulation of blood to a body part.
CVD terminology
Hypertension - high blood pressure.
Atherosclerosis - build up of fatty deposits on the inner wall of the arteries.
Arteriosclerosis - loss of elasticity of the arteries.
What are the types of training?
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Strength
Flexibility
What is a PNF stretch?
Is a static stretch followed by an isometric muscle contraction in the same position (with a partner) then followed by another static stretch.
Energy systems - alactic acid
Stored ATP and CP in muscles 10-12 seconds.
Very efficient
2 seconds of stored ATP and 10 seconds stored CP.
Depletion of fuel causes fatigue. Unable to turn ADP into ATP.
By product is heat.
Recovers fully after 4 minutes. .5 CP stores after first 30 seconds.
Eg jumpers and throwers
Energy systems - lactic acid
Fuel is carbohydrates broken down into glucose and stored as glycogen.
Very efficient.
Effected by intensity - 30 secs at 95% or up to 3 minutes.
Cause of fatigue is the onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA).
By product is pyruvic acid
Recovery - 20 mins to 2 hours to remove lactate from blood.
Eg 400m sprint 100m swim.
Energy systems - aerobic
Fuel-carbs(glucose), free fatty acids, proteins.
Efficient and endless at low intensity.
From 2-3min (after fatigue of LA system) up to days with use of stored energy.
Cause of fatigue is depletion of glucose, respiratory/circulatory problems.
By products co2 and water
Correlation between intensity and recovery.
Eg long distance jogging, cycling and swimming.
What is ballistic stretching?
Stretching that should only be used be elite athletes.
Uses the movement of the body to force it further than its normal range of motion. By bouncing into a stretched position.
Principles of training?
P - progressive overload S - specificity T - training thresholds R - reversibility V - variety W - warm up and cool down
Epidemiology definition
The study of patterns and causes of disease within groups or populations. Think about it in terms of Prevalence (no. of cases that exist) Incidence (no. of new cases occurring) Distribution (extent) Apparent causes
Measures of epidemiology
Life expectancy
Morbidity
Infant mortality
Mortality
Epidemiology is used to?
Used to identify priority health issues and then to:
Prevent increase in disease.
Allocate resources.
Improve health status of overall population.
Who uses epidemiology?
Policy developers
NSW department of education
Pharmaceutical companies
Individuals
Limitations of epidemiology
Fails to answer why inequities exist.
Doesn’t accurately measure quality of life.
Doesn’t account for social, cultural and economic factors.
Fails to highlight significant variations in health status of sub groups.
What is Medicare?
Universal healthcare system introduced in 1984 to provide eligible Australians with affordable, accessible and high quality healthcare.
Who fund Medicare and how?
Australian government through progressive income tax and and income related Medicare levy.
What are some advantages of Medicare ?
Reimburses 85% of scheduled medical fees for services outside hospitals, 75% within hospitals.
Individuals must pay the gap (15%).
Bulk billing eliminates the gap.
Medicare covers x Rays, gps and pathology.
Disadvantages for Medicare?
Long waiting lists for surgery.
Additional costs and further strain on hospitals.
Doesn’t cover physiotherapy, optometrists and ambulance.
Prioritising health issues - how do we ?
- Social justice principles.
- Priority population groups.
- Prevalence of condition.
- Potential for prevention and early intervention.
- Costs to individual and community.
Priority groups in Australia?
ATSI Low socio economic status People living in rural and remote areas The elderly People with family history
Flexibility - types of stretching
Static
PNF
Ballistic
Dynamic
Flexibility - static stretching
Stretching a muscle to its farthest point and holding for 15-30 seconds.
Increase flexibility and performance, decreases chance of injury.
Least effective method of stretching.
Flexibility - PNF
Static stretch followed by an isometric muscle contraction (assisted) then followed by another static stretch (assisted).
Most effective method of stretching if done correctly. Least safe, must be performed properly for benefits.
Higher chance of over stretching the muscle.
Flexibility - dynamic stretching
Actively moving parts of the body being stretched to increase length of muscle.
Increases flexibility and performance, decreases chance of injury.
Can activate stretch reflex, might cause injury, only done by experienced athletes.
Flexibility - ballistic stretching
Muscle is stretched by a bouncing action beyond its normal range of motion.
More effectI’ve than static if performed properly, more likely to get injured, only experienced athletes.
Principles of training - progressive overload
Process of gradually subjecting a muscle, energy system or body to a higher level than what it has become accustomed to.
Principles of training - reversibility
The effects of training are reversible. After a short period of de training, significant physiological reductions can occur.
Principles of training - specificity
Implies a close relationship between activities selected at training and those utilised in the event.
Muscle specificity - appropriate muscle groups being trained.
Movement specificity - movement pattern mirrors those in competition.
Metabolic specificity - energy systems being trained in proportions in which they contribute in competition.
Principles of training - training thresholds
Two points which indicate the zone for athletic improvement to occur. Thresholds relate to maximum heart rate.
Aerobic threshold - lowest point, 60% of max heart rate, target zone is between 60-80% of max heart rate. This zone develops aerobic endurance.
Anaerobic threshold - OBLA occurs, fatigue slows down body and then in aerobic.
Principles of training - variety
Used to avoid boredom and is often associated with repetitious training.
Principles of training - warm up and cool down
Purpose of warm up:
- reduce risk of injury and soreness by increasing muscle suppleness
- stimulate cardio vascular & respiratory systems to increase blood flow to muscles.
- increase body temperature and enzyme activity to promote faster, more efficient muscle contractions.
- prepares athlete mentally
Cool down is used to take strain off heart and prevent blood pooling in extremities of body.
