Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PDHPE > Core 1 > Flashcards

Core 1 Flashcards

0
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

Is the study of patterns and causes of disease in groups or populations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Definition of health status.

A

The current state of health of individuals, groups or populations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is prevalence?

A

Number of cases of disease that exists.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is incidence?

A

Number of new cases of disease occurring.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is distribution?

A

(Extent) apparent causes (indicators)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Roles of epidemiology?

A

Identify health needs and allocate resources.

Identify and promote behaviours that can improve the health status of the overall population.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Tools to measure the health status of a population?

A

Mortality, infant mortality, morbidity and life expectancy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is mortality?

A

Number of deaths in a given population from a particular cause and/or over a period of time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is infant mortality?

A

Number of deaths in first year of life, per 1000 live births. Considered to be most important indicator of health in the nation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is morbidity?

A 
Incidence or level of sickness in a given population. Indicators:
Hospital use.
Doctor visits and Medicare statistics. 
Health surveys and reports. 
Disability and handicap.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is life expectancy?

A

Average number of years of life remaining to a person at a particular age.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Who uses these measures?

A 
Policy developers 
NSW department of education
Hospitals 
Pharmaceutical companies 
Consumers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Do they measure everything about health status?

A

No. Wellbeing, emotional cost and quality of life are not measured because they are subjective.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the life expectancy trends?

A

Australia has one of the highest life expectancies in the world.
Improved public health services - water and food quality, sewage systems and better education.
Medical advances.
National public health strategies - smoking phys act.
Males take more risks.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Infant mortality trends?

A

Death rates have fallen in Australia by 2 thirds in last century.
Due to leading cause of death:
- males – coronary heart disease, lung cancer, cerebrovascular disease.
- females – coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular (stroke) disease, other heart diseases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the cardiovascular disease trends? - mortality

A

Number 1 leading cause of death in Australia, 35% of al deaths in Australia.
Includes coronary heart disease, stroke and peripheral vascular disease.
Decreasing since the 60s - improvements of risk factors, advances in detection and treatment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the cancer mortality trends?

A

Accounts for 30% of all deaths in Australia.
Lung and breast cancer most coming on women.
Incidence has increased in last 20 years but mortality has decreased.
Prevention and treatment strategies have been successful.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the diabetes trends?

A

Incidence increase, mortality decrease.

Males more likely to die, less careful of diet.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the trend for mental illness?

A

2.7% of deaths in Australia.
Decrease since the 90s.
Females more likely to fiefdom mental or behavioural disorder. Males more likely to have psychoactive substance abuse.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Trends for injury?

A

Greatest risk of death in first half of life, suicide and motor vehicle accidents contribute most.
Males more likely to die, more careless, around motor vehicles.

20
Q

How to identify priority health issues?

A
  1. Social justice principles.
  2. Priority population groups.
  3. Prevalence of condition.
  4. Potential for prevention and early intervention.
  5. Costs to individual and community.
21
Q

What are the social justice principles?

A 
Diversity
Rights 
Access
Participation
Equity
Supportive environments
22
Q

What is diversity in the social justice principles?

A

When cultural, religious and other differences are accepted the needs of members of the society are acknowledged.

23
Q

What is the “rights” section in the social justice principles?

A

The laws that should protect human rights, should protect good health as one of the most fundamental right of all.

24
Q

What is the definition of access according to the social justice principles?

A

Removing barriers to make sure all people regardless of their circumstances are provided with satisfactory health services and info.

25
Q

What is the definition of participation according to the social justice principles?

A

The importance of communities be individuals being fully involved in the planning and decision making associated with their own health.

26
Q

What is the definition of equity according to the social justice principles?

A

The balanced (although not always equal) distribution of resources to ensure fair health outcomes for all groups including the disadvantaged.

27
Q

What is the definition of supportive environments according to the social justice principles?

A

Social, environmental and political conditions all have a profound effect on health.

28
Q

What are the priority population groups in Australia?

A 
Aboriginal and Torres Strait islanders 
Low socioeconomic status 
Rural and remote
Elderly
Disabled 
People with family history
29
Q

How do we prioritise thee groups?

A
  1. Provenance of condition.
  2. Potential for prevention and early intervention.
  3. Costs to the individual and community.
30
Q

Aboriginal and Forrest strait islander facts?

A

75% live in cities and regional centres.
25% live in rural and remote areas.
Median age of indigenous population is 21 years while non indigenous is 36 years.

31
Q

What is the extent of the health inequities for ATSI people?

A

Life expectancy for indigenous female in 2001 is 65 years, the equivalent to a non indigenous female born in 1922. Current age gap is about 17 years.

32
Q

What are the 5 leading causes of death for indigenous people?

A

Diseases of the circulatory system, metabolic and nutritional disorders (diabetes), respiratory diseases and injuries.

33
Q

What are some indigenous trends?

A

Mortality decreased significantly in WA between 1991 and 2005.
Throughout Australia the gap between indigenous and non indigenous infant mortality rates have closed considerably since 1991.

34
Q

What are the main causes of morbidity for indigenous people?

A

Mental disorders, circulatory diseases, diabetes, respiratory diseases, cancers, musculoskeletal conditions, eye and ear problems and kidney disease.

35
Q

What are some positive trends for indigenous people?

A 
More indigenous kids staying at school. 
Labour face participation slightly increased. 
Home ownership increase. 
Completion of year 12 increase. 
Unemployment rate 15-64 decreased.
36
Q

What are the most critical challenges for ATSI?

A
  1. Lower incomes.
  2. Higher rates of unemployment.
  3. Lower education attainment.
  4. Lower rates of home ownership.
37
Q

What risk factors are ATSI people likely to face?

A
  1. Tobacco use.
  2. Alcohol consumption.
  3. Illicit drug use.
  4. Overweight/ obesity.
  5. Poor nutrition.
  6. Physical inactivity.
  7. Exposure to violence.
  8. Poor housing conditions.
38
Q

What are the environmental determinants that ATSI people face?

A
  1. Housing standards.
  2. Water supply.
  3. Transport communication.
  4. Health and safety relating to dogs in remote areas.
39
Q

What are some Socioeconomic trends?

A

Higher socioeconomic groups have a lower mortality.
Lower SE groups are at greater risk of illness due to lack of education.
Decline in heart disease death rates, greater in high SE groups.
People with low SE are sick lee often and die younger.

40
Q

What are trends for people living in rural and remote areas?

A

Statistics reveal higher mortality and illness rates.

Some improvements for death rates with 3% decline for males and 2% for females.

41
Q

People living in rural and remote areas are more likely to?

A 
Be smokers 
Be overweight or obese. 
Be physically inactive. 
Have lower levels of education. 
Poorer access to health services and specialists. 
Have risky occupations.
42
Q

Elderly trends?

A

CVD and cancer are the leading cause of death in the elderly.
Arthritis is the most common health condition affecting 50%.
Hearing disorders 43%, hypertension 38%, heart disease 30%.
Dementia is another significant health condition and is more prevalent in females.

43
Q

Trends for people with disabilities?

A

Number or people living with disabilities is increasing due to ageing population.
Indigenous people living with severe disability is double that of other Australians.
People aged 65+ are more likely to have a disability than younger people.

44
Q

What are some statistics to do with people that have disabilities?

A

Requiring assistance for mobility 76%

Health care 55%

45
Q

What are some sociocultural and socioeconomic determinants that ATSI PEOPLE face?

A 
Cultural divisions since European settlement. 
Ineffective programs of integration. 
Separation. 
Education. 
Welfare support.
46
Q

What role does the federal government have in addressing the inequities?

A

Office of ATSI health.

The national marginal community controlled health organisation.

47
Q

What role does the state government have in addressing the inequities?

A

The aboriginal health and medical research council of NSW.

These agencies help with substance abuse, health service, housing and community services, development and research.

PDHPE (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions