Tri 2 Final Flashcards
The emphasis the media places on its role as “scorekeeper” might come at the cost of attention to what?
policies
One of Jimmy Carter’s signal achievements in dealing with the press in the 1976 primary campaign was what?
getting himself mentioned frequently
Who does research suggest has turned their interests away from political news?
Young people
Why is Joint Operating Agreements important to consider when assessing the competition and diversity of viewpoints among newspapers?
They allow businesses to own more than one paper in a large city
Politicians wishing to make news are well advised to criticize whom?
The president
Compare the average sound bite of a presidential contender in 2000 to the average sound bite of such contenders in 1968.
In 2000 the sound bite of a presidential contender was considerably shorter than the average sound bite in 1968
The invention of radio was a politically important media development why?
It allowed public officials to reach the public in a less filtered manner
What are the achievements of the mass-based press, exemplified by Hearst and Pulitzer?
beginning the creation of national political culture, providing feasibility pf press free of public control, revealing scandal, and criticizing public policy
What was the milestone in the development of a reasonably nonpartisan and unbiased press?
The establishment of the Associated Press in 1848
membership organizations that rely on purposive incentives tend to be shaped by what?
The mood of the times
Politicians have become more heavily dependent on the media why?
Political party organizations have declined
When CBS News ran a story claiming President Bush performed poorly during his time in the National Guard, these people produced evidence that the documents underlying the report were forgeries.
Bloggers
What is a valence issue rather than a position issue?
Wasted Tax Dollars
When a voter casts a clothespin vote, he or she picks who?
The least objectAble candidate
Voters at the Iowa Democratic caucuses, compared with other Democrats from Iowa, tend to be what?
More Liberal
In order to win the party nomination candidates need to appear particularly what?
Conservative if Republican, Liberal if Democratic
The states did little about malapportionment and gerrymandering until ordered to do by whom?
The supreme court
In 1911, Congress fixed the size of the House at how many members?
435
Who, according to the text, is least likely to be elected president?
A current member of the senate
What statement best reflects the relationship between popular presidential candidates and congressional candidates of the same party?
The has been a sharp decline in the benefit of presidential coattails for congressional candidates
Explain the difference between presidential and congressional races
Presidential races are more competitive
More people vote in presidential elections
Congressional Incumbents usually win
Presidents can rarely take credit for improvements in a district
A major difference between presidential and congressional campaigns is what?
Congressional incumbents can more easily duck responsibility
Explain how national newspapers may work to influence campaigns?
Distribute millions of copies on daily basis, carefully followed by elites, radio and tv follow what they say, higher education than the other papers
In America, candidates win party nominations primarily through what?
Indidvidual effort
Campaigning has largely become synonymous with what?
fundraising
research suggests political ads of this type wield the greatest influence over voters with the greatest interest in politics
appeal to emotion
What are the major changes in elections in campaigns
debates and more important
ralph nader rose to national prominence on what issue?
auto safety
purpose incentives involve what?
the appeal of a stated goal
When Illinois farmers bureau offers its members discount prices and the chance to purchase low cost insurance it is providing what?
material incentives
Solidary incentives involve what?
a sense of companionship, pleasure, statues
Americans have an unusually high rate of membership types of organizations?
Religious, civic and political organizations
Americans are less likely than the British to join what types of organizations ?
Labor unions
It is often said that Americans are a nation of what?
joiners
Im the landmark case US v Harris (1954) the supreme court ruled the government can require what?
Require info from groups that try to influence legislation
The great manority of public interest lobbies were established when?
after 1960
Professional societies of doctors and lawyers first gained importance when?
When state governments gave them authority to decide qualifications for professions
Large labor unions had no reason to exist until what era
mass production industry
the great era of organization building in america occurred during what years
1900-1920
where political parties are strong, interest groups are likely to be what?
weak
im the federalist papers, madison took the position that the causes of faction can be found in what
the nature of man
how often does a new congress convenes?
every two years
Political scientists define a safe district as one where the incumbent received what percent or more of the vote in the previous election
55%
What happened when a state attempted to impose term limits on its own members of congress
the supreme court struck it down
When did serving im congress become a career
1950s
Why was serving in congress become a career in the 1860s
The federal government was not very important, travel to washington DC was difficult, the job did not pay well, washington was a shitty place to live
in 1994 who became the first Native American elected to the senate
Ben Nighthorse Campbell
Describe the typical representative or senator
White, Male, Protestant Lawyer
Originally, filibusters were sixteenth century what
pirates
Which amendment changed the manner in which U S senators are selected
17th
Until 1913 how were senators elected
picked by state legislators
in the twentieth century the trend in congressional decision making has been toward what
decentralization
contemporary critics of congress disagree with the framers vision pf congress is what
they wish to end policy gridlock by making changes capable of speedily adopting sweeping changes in national policies
whereas the principle work of a parliament is debate, that of a congress is what?
representation and action
how does a person ordinarily become a candidate for representative or senator
running in a primary election
in a parliamentary system the prime minister is chosen by whom?
legislature
Explain the difference between the US President and British prime ministers
Presidents and legislature often work at cross purposes, prime ministers works directly with legislature
The text suggests that policy gridlock is a necessary consequence of what
representative democracy
Who called for something like an elective monarchy here in the united states?
alexander hamilton
which amendment formally limited presidents to two terms
22nd
Establishing the legitimacy of the presidency in the early years was made easier by the fact that the national government
had relatively little to do
Andrew Jacksons use of the veto power was conspicuous why?
he used it more than every other president before him
Jacksons view of a strong and independent presidency became
the norm a century later
What actions did Abraham Lincoln take without prior congressional approval
raised an army
spent money
blockaded southern ports
suspended habeas corpus
Today winning the presidency means a candidate must get how many electoral votes
270
The elimination of the Electoral College might do what
encourage third parties
What presidential power is not a shared power
pardoning power
The greatest source of presidential power is found in what
politics and public opinion
The text suggests that the ability of a presidential assistant to influence the president is governed by the rule of
propinquity
Which organizational structure runs the risk of isolating or misinforming the president
pyramid structure
Which organizational structure lends itself to confusion and conflict
circular structure
The office of management and budget both assembles the presidents budget and
reviews departmental legislative proposals
Which modern president is almost the only one
given credit for coming close to making his cabinet a truly deliberative body
Dwight D Eisenhower
The main difference between a presidential agency and an independent agency is that heads of the former
serve at the presidents discretion
Give as many statements regarding acting appointments as you can
Such appointees hold office till senate acts on nominations
president sees their allowance as a necessity
contrary to vacancy act 1868 appointees hold office for months without nomination
In recent administrations there has been a tendency for presidents to place in their cabinet people known for their what
expertise
of the three audiences that the president confronts the one that is most often important for maintaining and exercising power is
other politicians and leaders in washington
There is noticeable decline in the number of these held by recent presidents
press conferences
The personal popularity of the president affects what most directly
how congress treats legislative proposal
