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Trench Manual Flashcards

1
Q

Trench
p. 25

A

An excavation that is narrow in relation to its length, made below the surface of the ground. In general, the depth is greater than the width, but the with of the trench measured at the bottom is not greater than 15 feet.

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2
Q

Trench is usually cut (excavated) for…
p. 25

A

To install or replace a utility (gas, water, electric or sewer). When cut the vertical pressure of the soil is still resisted, but the horizontal pressure does not have anything holding it in place.

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3
Q

Excavation

A

Any man-made cut, cavity, trench or depression in an earth surface formed by earth removal

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4
Q

Ground pads

A

Plywood sheets or 2x12 boards used to distribute weight to help prevent collapse

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5
Q

Sheeting

A

Sheet goods used in the shoring system that retain the wart in position and are supported by other members of the shoring system AKA -panel

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6
Q

Uprights

A

Vertical members of shoring system used to strengthen sheeting aka-strongbacks

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7
Q

Cross Braces

A

Horizontal members of a shoring system installed perpendicular to the sides of the excavation, the ends of which bear against either uprights or wales AKA- struts, shores

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8
Q

Accepted engineering practices
p.223

A

Those requirements that are compatible with standard of practice required by a registered professional engineer

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9
Q

AHJ
p.223

A

Authority having jurisdiction

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10
Q

Air mover
p.223

A

A portable air appliance used as a blower or exhauster

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11
Q

Aluminum hydraulic shore
p.223

A

A pre-engineered shoring system comprised of aluminum hydraulic cylinders (cross braces) used in conjunction with vertical rails (uprights) or horizontal rails (walers). Such a system is designed specifically to support the sidewalls of an excavation and prevent cave-ins

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12
Q

Backfill
p.223

A

Materials used to fill the void behind the trench panels to create full surface contact. Soil, sandbags, airbags or cushions, wedges, cribbing and shoring

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13
Q

Backhoe
p.223

A

An excavating machine having a bucket that is attached to a ridged bar hinged to a boom that is drawn toward the machine in operation

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14
Q

Bell pier
p. 223

A

A type of shaft or footing excavation, the bottom of which is larger than the cross section above to form a bell shape

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15
Q

Belly
p.223

A

The area of the walls of a trench 2 feet up from the toe and 2 feet down from the lip

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16
Q

Benching
p.223

A

A method of protecting employees from cave-ins by excavating the sides of an excavation to form one or a series of horizontal levels or steps, usually with vertical or near-vertical surfaces between levels

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17
Q

Cave-in
p.223

A

The separation of a mass of soil or rock material from the side of an excavation, or the loss of soil from under a trench shield or support system and its sudden movement into the excavation, either by falling or sliding in sufficient quantity to entrap, bury or otherwise injury and immobilize a person.

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18
Q

Average Trench rescue lasts?
p.1

A

6-10 hours
( might transfer from daytime to night time ops, weather changes)

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19
Q

OSHA code of regulations for Trench& Excavations? p.7

A

29 CFR (Code of Federal Regulations) 1926.650-652 Subpart P

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20
Q

Soil weight? p.17

A

100-125lbs per cubic foot ( the more moisture there more it weighs)
2700-3000 lbs per cubic yard

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21
Q

Four major soil classification types? p.18

A

Type A (1.5tsf<)
Type B (0.5-1.5 tsf)
Type C (0.5>) least stable C-60& C-80
Stable Rock

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22
Q

The free standing time? p.18

A

The amount of time the Trench wall will remain standing and not collapse without support.

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23
Q

For cohesive soil, unconfined compressive strength is? p.18

A

How soil reacts under pressure. The amount of weight required per square foot to collapse a soil sample. Tons per square foot, determined by manual soil test.

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24
Q

Difference between C-60 & C-80 soil? p.19

A

Type C soil considered to be least stable with reduced unconfined compressive strength and high secondary collapse. 60 will stand long enough to be shorted and 80 doesn’t.

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25
Trench types and configurations (7)? p.26
1) straight (slit) Trench 2) L-trench 3) T-trench-water/sewer lines 4) x-trench -water/sewer lines 5) Box Trench -utility lines 6) Bell piers- bell shape 7) Shafts
26
Trench wall p.28
The Trench wall is the side or face of the trench
27
Trench lip p.28
The top edge of the the trench
28
Trench floor p.28
The bottom of the Trench
29
Trench toe p.28
Where the Trench wall meets the Trench floor
30
Trench head? p.28
The narrow portion of the Trench between the Trench walls
31
Spoil pile? p.28
The soil removed when excavating the Trench...should be at least 2 feet from the lip and no more than 4 feet tall
32
Outside corner? p.28
The corners at the head (end) of a trench
33
Inside corner? p.28
Inside corner created by intersecting trenches. L has one, T has two. Trim or reduce corner to prevent collapse.
34
Responsible for providing facilities, services and materials in support of an incident? p.70
Logistics officer
35
Coordinates,manages and supervices all assigned rescue activities and is directly in charge of the rescue teams working in the Trench? p.71
Rescue group supervisor ( reports directly to operations or the incident commander
36
A victim with just 1' or 2' of soil on them, could have how many lbs?
750-1000lbs of pressure on their chest making it impossible to breath.
37
Types of collapse p.32
Spoil-in Lip-in Shear-in Slougg-in (w/ roll-in & wedge-in)
38
USAM p.39
Underground Service Alert Markings, to locate underground service utilities, #811
39
White p.39
Proposed excavations
40
Pink p.39
Temporary survey
41
Red p.39
Electric
42
Yellow p.39
Gas, oil, steam, chemical
43
Orange p.39
Telecommunications
44
Blue p.39
Water
45
Purple p.39
Reclaimed water
46
Green p.39
Sewer, storm drain
47
Surcharge Load p.38
The spoil pile, construction materials, buildings, trees, footings and foundations including the rescued all contribute to the downward force on the soil
48
Intersecting trenches p.36
The point formed by the intersection of two trenches, inside corners particularly vulnerable to a collapse
49
Previously disturbed soil p.36
Soil that has never been disturbed is stronger than soil that has been previously excavated, reducing its compaction and tensile strength. And the more recent is the excavation, the weaker it is.
50
Vibrations p.41
Vibrations of any kind more than 100' away can have an effect and lead to secondary collapse.
51
NFPA standards p. 45
National fire protection association - consensus standards that are developed and revised every five years by subject matter experts in the particular field
52
NFPA 1006
The standards of Technical Rescue Qualifications
53
NFPA 1670
The standards on Operations and Training for Technical search and rescue incidents
54
Trench rescue training p.43
An advanced rescue discipline, incidents are no time to give instructions, recurrent training at no more than six month intervals to maintain the knowledge, skills and abilities. (scenario based training annually)
55
Mechanical shores p.47
Hydraulic, pneumatic, Ellis screw jack sand pipe shores (including Trench shields and boxes)
56
Timber shore components p.47
3/4", 4'x8' plywood sheets and 2"x12" uprights that make up the shoring panels....4"x4" timber is used for struts/crossbraces, whalers, hogsheads and wedges....6"x6" timber if available for whalers....2" x4" timber for cleats and other components
57
CMC control zones p.63
50' - hot zine ( rescue group supervisor, site safety officer, rescue squads) 150' - warm zone (TR truck, ops, logistics, medical group, RIC) 300' - cold zone (command post, access control, staging, rehab)
58
Site safety officer p.69
Assigned to the exclusion (hot) zone, must be technical rescue team member and Trench rescue trained.
59
Multihazards safety plan p.64
(LCES) Lookouts, Communions, Escape Routes and Safety Zones
60
Pneumatic shoring psi? p.141
Initially 100psi and then 200psi
61
Safety zones per CMC?
50’——-hot zone (exclusion) Rescue group supervisor 150’——warm zone (hazard reduction) Tech rescue vehicles, ops, Logistics, medical, RIC 300’——Cold zone (support) Command post, access Control, staging, rehab
62
Trot control zones
150’- hot, 250’-warm, 500’-cold
63
Approach trench from?
Approach from ends of the trench and no closer than 4 feet from the lip.
64
Trench monitoring?
1) as near as possible to the victim 2) top, middle and bottom 3) 20 min minimum log in 4) monitoring handed over to the first arriving hazmat unit
65
All trenches must be ventilated and should be done with a fan capable of moving——- cam
1,000 cfm
66
The required Command positions in trench?
PERS… Personnel Equipment Rescue group supervisor Safety
67
OSHA requires all trenches greater than ——feet to be made safe regardless of soil…Fairfax 4’
5’
68
Three soil classification?
Compact (clay) Saturated (water) Running (sand or loose gravel)
69
—-x——x——- boards may be used to replace ground pads on side with spoil pile or supplemental sheeting at the end of the trench or areas less than 4’ wide
2” x 12” x 2’
70
Standing water reduces safety factor by?
50%
71
It might not be possible to shore trench deeper than——-or unfavorable weather…it maybe necessary to dig ——- which are dug to a ——_ratio.
20 feet… cut backs 2:1
72
Uncover——&——first. Buckets shouldn’t be filled more than ——- full. Rotate digging crews every——-min.
Head and chest 1/2 15min
73
Ground pads are made of? Pads shouldn’t?
4’ x 8’ x 5/8” Overlap
74
Trench panels are constructed of? dimensions of 4’x8’x11/4” with 2”x12”x12’ or two —-“thick conventional sheets.
Laminated arctic white birch 3/4”
75
What is utilized as shelves for wale installation as well as shooting shores at angles…don’t exceed —— foot zones!!!
Trench blocks 4 foot
76
Force pressure formula
FP= R2 x 3.14 x psi
77
How far apart should ladders be? How many? How far extending beyond the trench lip?
No more than 25 feet apart Minimum 2 Minimum of 3 feet
78
What’s penetrometer?
Spring loaded instruments to determinate soil strength!
79
How much cubic yard of soil weighs? Cubic foot?
2700-3000 lbs 100-125 lbs
80
Max raker angle?
Rakers would be 30 degrees with max of 45 degrees. Minimum of 4”x4” timber to be used, with rakes placed at 4 feet on center with sheeting behind every wall plate. Lateral and diagonal bracing must be applied.
81
Max spacing between struts?
4 feet
82
When using air shores in column figuration, how many pins should be used?
2
83
Nails for shoring?
16 D nails used…when nail is driven straight it is face nail, when an angle, it is a toenail…face nail 200lbs pulling strength and toenail 100lbs.
84
Air shore safety factor?
2:1
85
8 foot trench..how many struts?
2 struts, one 2feet down and next 4’ Over 10’- 3 shores
86
Fall protection?
2 feet from the edge
87
Fall protection?
2 feet from the edge
88
Approach the Trench?
2-3 feet from the lips lip of the Trench, head if possible...
89
Ladder, stairs of access if?
Trench that is 4ft in depth...3ft above the lip
90
Nails!
16 D nails 200 lbs pulling strength face nail 100 lbs toenail
91
Backfill coverage? P. 115
Voids greater than 6 cubic feet
92
Number of systems of shoring? P.117
Min of two
93
Safe zones P. 117
In the Trench between the plywood panels that have been fully pressurized....can reach an arm... The shoring should be as long as it is deep max 2 feet exposed.
94
Operational issues P.119
1) responsible party 2) size up/approach 3) soil and Trench conditions 4) hazards 5) victim considerations 6) safety officer, ladders, edge protection, clearing the spoil pile, metering and ventilation 7) prep entry briefing
95
Deep wall Trench? P.128
10 feet or more
96
Bridge ladders? P. 129
Besides next to installed panels....3 feet above the lip and with two nails (16D) both side...against 2'x12". Lashed from beam to beam to the bridge
97
The rescue waist can't be no further than ----feet from the bottom strut? P.130
4 feet Can stand the floor and be without fall protection when the Trench is fully pressurized.
98
Strut placement? P 130
2-4-2 8 foot shore requires 2 struts!
99
Horizontal placement? P. 131
4 feet...struts more than two feet from the corner...
100
Timber struts? P.133
Douglas fur or southern pine. End grain strength 6,000lbs 2:1 safety factor 4x 4 lumber minimum 4 x 4 wedges- 18" long 16 D nails
101
Soil removal?
Bucket half full dig every 2-3 feet Rotate evwry15-20 min
102
Shoring removal? P.175
Reverse order...bottom to the top

TROT (9 decks)

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