Trematodes: Rumen, Lung and Intestinal Flukes Flashcards
What are the characteristics of rumen flukes?
Thick and circular in cross section, ventral sucker on posterior end, small, pink, adults found in rumen
Where are rumen flukes located?
Sporadic in North America
What is the life cycle of rumen flukes?
Similar to Fasciola hepatica, snail is the IH and metacercariae are located on aquatic vegetation
What are the clinical signs of rumen fluke infestation?
Hemorrhagic duodenitis, diarrhea, anemia, rarely death in juvenile adults. Flukes in adults are usually harmless.
What do rumen fluke eggs look like?
Are detected on sedimentation, oval, clear to gray/green, 160 x 90 um
What are the characteristics of lung flukes?
Adults live in lungs, round on cross section, have a spiny tegument.
What are the DH and IH of Paragonimus kellicotti?
DH: mink, muskrats, dogs, cats, wild carnivores, and humans. IH: 1st aquatic snail, 2nd freshwater crayfish
Where do Paragonimus kellicotti encyst in the host?
Lung parenchyma in pairs in cysts
Where is Paragonimus kellicotti located?
North America, east of the Rocky Mountains
What do adult P. kellicotti look like?
8-12 mm, ovoid, fleshy, reddish-grey
What do the P. kellicotti eggs look like?
100 x 50 um, ovoid, flattened on one side, amber, prominent operculum
What is the life cycle of P. kellicotti?
Adult flukes lie in the hosts of the DH, produce eggs that are coughed up and swallowed, passed with feces. Miricidia find and penetrate a snail, where they ungergo one sporocyst stage and two redial stages. Cercaria are released, and seek crayfish. Metacercariae located in the crayfish heart and pericardium, excyst when consumed by DH. Juvenile adult flukes migrate into the lungs and find another fluke to start reproducing.
What are the clinical signs of P. kellicotti in dogs and cats?
Chronic cough, gagging, hemoptysis, fever, anorexia, death
How does one diagnose P. kellicotti?
Clinical signs, ova in feces or sputum, pulmonary cysts in radiographs, necropsy findings
What are possible treatment options of P. kellicotti?
None approved, all off label- fenbendazole, praziquantel, albendazole
What species does Paragonimus westermani infect?
Humans
What is the concern with infection with Nanophyetus salmonicola?
Non pathogenic by itself, but can carry Salmon Poisoning disease and Elokomin Fluke fever
What are the DH and IH of Nanophyetus salmonicola?
DH: canids, raccoons, bear, cats, lynx, opossum, otter, mink
IH: 1st snail, 2nd salmoid fish, pacific giant salmander
What do the adult Nanophyetus salmonicola look like?
Small adults, white or cream colored; eggs are yellowish-brown, operculate, small blue pole point opposite operculum, 70 x 40 um
What is the life cycle of N. salmonicola?
Live in the SI of DH, eggs are passed in the feces, hatch in 3 to 6 months, miracidia penetrate snail, cercaria penetrate fish, become metacercaria in kidneys and other tissues, DH eats fish
What is the pathogenicity of N. salmonicola in the DH?
Adult flukes in dogs usually cause no clinical problems, but a massive infection could cause catarrhal or hemorrhagic enteritis
What is the pathogenicity of N. salmonicola in fish?
Can kill salmonid fry, minnows and sculpin
What are the characteristics of Salmon Poisoning disease?
Causes Rickettsial disease, high mortality in canids, signs of sudden high fever, anorexia, weight loss, weakness, vomiting/diarrhea, death in 7-10 days.
How does one diagnose Salmon Poisoning disease?
Find N. salmincola eggs in feces, isolate rickettsia in lymph nodes
What are the characteristics of Elokomin Fluke Fever?
Similar but less severe than Salmon Poisoning disease, higher morbidity but lower mortality
What are the characteristics of Alaria?
Most common fluke encountered in dogs, normally not pathogenic
What is the DH of Alaria?
dogs, cats, fox and mink
What is the life cycle of Alaria?
2 IH hosts, snails and frogs, DH gets infected by eating frogs containing metacercariae, juvenile flukes migrate before maturing in SI
What is the pathogenicity of Alaria?
Heavy infections in dogs and cats may cause severe duodenitis
