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VTEC.3100 > Trematoda (Flukes) > Flashcards

Trematoda (Flukes) Flashcards

1
Q

Essential morpology of flukes

A

Flat and leaf-like
Usually 2 suckers
Oral sucker – anterior tip – contains mouth opening
Ventral sucker – on ventral surface, usually near anterior end
Cuticle (covering) – often covered with spines or scales

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2
Q

Systems of flukes

A

Nervous system – pairs of longitudinal trunks that connect anteriorly with ganglia
Digestive system – anterior sucker  pharynx  esophagus  blind gut that branches. Regurgitates waste products.
Central excretory system – system of flame cells – impel waste products in t a system of tubules  canals  excretory bladder
Reproductive system – nearly all hermaphrodites – male and female organs in same fluke; self- or cross-fertilization

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3
Q

Basic Life Cycle of flukes

A

Flukes oviparous (lay eggs)  1st larval stage (miracidium) propelled through water by cilia  must penetrate a mollusc within 24 hours or die  larval development in mollusc [sporocystredia cercaria (looks like young fluke with tail)]  has 24 hours to either:
attach and encyst on vegetation as metacercaria: FH infected by ingesting vegetation
2) penetrate 2nd IH and encyst as metacercaria; FH infected by ingesting 2nd IH
3) penetrate FH through skin or gut wall, omitting metacercarial stage

All veterinary fluke parasites use snails as 1st IH

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4
Q

Fasciola hepatica (host)

A

almost any mammal; horses may serve as reservoir

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5
Q

Fasciola hepatica (IH)

A

snails of genus Lymnaea - requires water, but can spend most of the time out of it

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6
Q

Fasciola hepatica (affect on livestock)

A

most important trematode of domestic livestock; recognized for over 2000 years

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7
Q

Fasciola hepatica (site)

A

bile ducts of liver

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8
Q

Fasciola hepatica (egg)

A

oval, operculate, yellowish

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9
Q

Fasciola hepatica (egg life cycle)

A

When egg hatches, miracidium covered with cilia must find snail within hours to penetrate it – sheds cilia
coat and becomes a young sporocyst

Develops in digestive tract of snail to produce rediae and cercariae – more than 600 may develop from one miracidium

Cercariae expelled from snail into water and swim to any firm surface (often vegetation) – attach – form cyst walls to become metacercariae

FH ingests – excysts in small intestine of host – migrates through gut wall into peritoneal cavity – liver – wanders in liver tissue for 6 wks. – bile ducts – grows to adult

Very long lived – documented up to 11 yrs.

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10
Q

Fasciola Hepatica (importance)

A

Importance – three forms:
Chronic – rarely fatal – presence of adults in bile ducts
Acute (usually in sheep) – wandering young flukes in liver – often fatal
Black disease (usually sheep) – usually fatal – caused by a clostridial organism that infects liver tissue damaged by wandering flukes

LIVER IS CONDEMNED FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION

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11
Q

Fasciola gigantica (host)

A

ruminant

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12
Q

Fasciola gigantica (site)

A

bile ducts

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13
Q

Fasciola gigantica (IH)

A

lymnaeid snails

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14
Q

Fascioloides magna (host)

A

Ru; pig; rarely horse (DEER)

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15
Q

Fascioloides magna (IH)

A

Lymnaeid snails

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16
Q

Fascioloides magna (site)

A

Liver

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17
Q

Fascioloides magna (morphology)

A

Large, oval, flat, 10 cm X 3 cm

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18
Q

Fascioloides magna (life cycle)

A

Life cycle: Slower development
In cattle, flukes encapsulated in liver – no channel of escape for eggs; no great damage except for tracks where wandered
Sheep fail to limit wandering – make wide tunnels through liver – 2-3 flukes capable of fatal injury

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19
Q

Paramphistomum sp

A

Rumen flukes
Relatively harmless
Conical in shape

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20
Q

Troglotrematidae (Id)

A

ID: The genital pore is immediately posterior to the ventral sucker (located elsewhere in other trematodes).

Oval, thick flukes
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21
Q

Paragonimus kellicoti (host)

A

Lung fluke of carnivores, esp. cat (mink may be prime host). Some species zoonotic - infect man…1 case reported of P. kellicoti

 Large reservoir in wild animals, like mink and muskrat.
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22
Q

Paragonimus kellicoti (morphology)

A

Thick, reddish brown; lemon shaped outline

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23
Q

Paragonimus kellicoti (infection)

A

cysts in lungs (usually in pairs)

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24
Q

Paragonimus kellicoti (eggs)

A

golden brown, oval, operculum at one end.

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25
Q

Paragonimus kellicoti (IH)

A

IH I: water snails

IH II: crawfish

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26
Q

Paragonimus kellicoti (life cycle)

A

FH infected by eating crawfish containing metacerariae or by eating animals that have recently fed on crawfish. Prepatent period 1 month

27
Q

Paragonimus kellicoti(clinical signs)

A

Intermittent cough, lethargy. May occasionally cause lung hemorrhage that is fatal.

28
Q

Paragonimus kellicoti (diagnosis)

A

Eggs in sputum or feces. (swallowed)
Signet ring sign on lung radiographs.
(rare reported fatal cases in heart and cerebrum- man)
Man: Paragoniums westermani (more in Orient) and other species cause lung cysts-infected by ingesting improperly cooked crawfish or fresh-water crabs. (crustateans)

29
Q

Paragonimus kellicoti (treatment and prevention)

A

Tx: Praziquantel (Droncit™) or Epsiprantel (Cestex®)
Prevention: Cook crustaceans thoroughly; avoid contamination with their juices.

30
Q

Nanophyetus salmincola (host)

A

Small fluke of small intestine of carnivores (ex: Raccoon/Spotted Skunk…main FH in nature) in Pacific Northwest. Also reported in people.

31
Q

Nanophyetus salmincola (eggs)

A

Yellowish, operculate

32
Q

Nanophyetus salmincola (IH)

A

IH 1: snails

IH 2: Salmonid fish (also other fish and amphibians)

33
Q

Nanophyetus salmincola (importance)

A

Fluke non-pathogenic, but carries rickettsial organism Neorickettsia helminthoeca through all of its larval stages. Rickettsia is causative agent of “Salmon poisoning” in canids.
(Dogs, coyotes-Not in Raccoons)

34
Q

Nanophyetus salmincola (clinical signs)

A 
Incubation period– 6-10 days
Causes acute enteritis- 
Diarrhea (occ. bloody),
Vomiting,
Severe Pyrexia,
Ocular Discharge
Death within 10 days-2 weeks of 1st clinical signs (mortality rate 90% when untreated)
35
Q

Nanophyetus salmincola (treatment and control)

A

Treatment: Broad spectrum antibiotics
Supportive Care
Control: thoroughly cook all fish products fed to dogs.

36
Q

Family Opisthorchiidae

A

Flat, translucent, oval: uterus and ovary anterior to tests; genital pore anterior to ventral sucker.

37
Q

Metorchis conjunctus/Metorchis felis (host)

A

Canids in Canada, Alaska/cats

38
Q

Metorchis conjunctus/Metorchis felis (IH)

A

IH I: water snails

IH II: fish

39
Q

Metorchis conjunctus/Metorchis felis (site of infection)

A

bile ducts-causes biliary cirrhosis; can be fatal.

40
Q

Clonorchis sinensis (host)

A

Humans, other mammals-Orient

41
Q

Clonorchis sinensis (IH)

A

IH I: water snails

IH II: fish

42
Q

Clonorchis sinensis (infection site)

A

Bile ducts of liver

43
Q

Clonorchis sinensis (transmission)

A

Ingesting raw or undercooked fish

44
Q

Clonorchis sinensis ( pathology)

A

biliary cirrhosis; bile duct obstruction

45
Q

Clonorchis sinensis (diagnosis)

A

Eggs in feces

46
Q

Clonorchis sinensis (treatment)

A

Praziquantel

47
Q

Family Dicrocoeliidae:

A

ID: Body translucent, ovary posterior to testes.

48
Q

Platynosomum fastosum (location in the world)

A

Rarely occurs in southern U.S.A.

More prominent in Caribbean

49
Q

Platynosomum fastosum (host)

A

cat, opossum

50
Q

Platynosomum fastosum (IH)

A

IH 1: Land snail
IH 2: crustacean
IH 3: lizards, frogs

51
Q

Platynosomum fastosum (site)

A

bile ducts-signs only with heavy infection-bile duct obstruction-can be fatal in endemic areas.
Called: “Lizard poisoning” in Caribbean.

52
Q

Dicrocoelium dendriticum (host)

A

Lancet fluke of bile ducts of ruminants, pigs, rarely in humans.
2. Europe, Asia, also New York

53
Q

Dicrocoelium dendriticum (IH)

A

IH1: Land snail
IH2: Common brown ant in N. America. - Alter ant’s behavior-hang near tops of vegetation-
eaten by FH

54
Q

Dicrocoelium dendriticum (pathology)

A

General biliary destruction

55
Q

Family Diplostomiidae

A

Body-fore body flattened or spoon shaped; oral and ventral suckers; hind body cylindrical

56
Q

Alaria canis/Alaria americana (FH)

A

FH: Canidae in northern N. America

57
Q

Alaria canis/Alaria americana (IH)

A

IH 1: water snails
IH 2: amphibian, such as frog
Paratenic hosts possible-rodents, etc.

58
Q

Alaria canis/Alaria americana (pathology)

A

Pathology: Migrate extensively in final host before reaching small intestine, but are usually non-pathogenic.

Migratory path-gut-> abdominal cavity-> diaphragm-> lungs->trachea->intestine. May cause enteritis. A reported fatal case in human from eating undercooked frog legs.

59
Q

Family Schistosomatidae

A

ID: Sexes are separate, with slender female lying in gynecophoral canal of stouter male. Egg lacks operculum.

60
Q

Family Schistosomatidae(host)

A

Birds and mammals, including canids, man. Important species in man:
Schistosoma mansoni - large intestinal veins
Schistosoma japonicum - small intestinal veins
Schistosoma haematobium - urinary tract veins

61
Q

Schistosoma (IH)

A

Water snail - cercariae penetrate skin of FH.

62
Q

Schistosoma (pathology)

A

cause numerous granulomas to develop in reaction to the presence of the parasite, and especially its eggs; severe disease.

63
Q

Schistosoma (history)

A

Oldest known parasite of man-eggs found in kidneys of Egyptian mummy of 20th Dynasty (1200-1090 B.C.) Recent finding in 6,500 year old kidneys

VTEC.3100 (20 decks)

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