Nematode of Ruminants

Question 1

Gongylonema sp. (site)

Answer 1

Adult embedded in epithelium of esophagus/forestomachs (esp. rumen)

Question 2

Gongylonema sp. (hosts)

Answer 2

Ruminants, pigs, birds

Question 3

Gongylonema sp. (IH)

Answer 3

Coprophageous beetles, cockroaches

Question 4

Ostertagia sp. (hosts)

Answer 4

ruminants

Question 5

Ostertagia sp. (site)

Answer 5

Abomasum

Question 6

Gongylonema sp (egg)

Answer 6

thick shelled, embryonated when laid

Question 7

Ostertagia (egg)

Answer 7

typical-strongylid

Question 8

.In what parasite is hypobiosis important

Answer 8

Ostertagia

Question 9

Ostertagia Type 1 (season)

Answer 9

peaks in late summer/early fall

Question 10

Ostertagia Type 1 (symptoms)

Answer 10

failure to gain weight or weight loss; diarrhea; mild dehydration; low mortality

Question 11

Ostertagia type 2 (Season)

Answer 11

Peaks in late winter/early spring

Question 12

Ostertagia Type 2 (clinical signs)

Answer 12

weight loss  severe emaciation; profuse, watery diarrhea; ventral edema (especially submandibular); anemia secondary to malnutrition. High mortality, beginning as early as 1-2 weeks after diarrhea starts.

Question 13

Ostertagia (diagnosis)

Answer 13

Seasonal incidence, age and type animals involved; grazing history

Type I: >1,000 eggs/gram feces indicative

Type II: Egg counts of less value – most worms still immature. Total worm count >50-60,000; in severe Type II several million may be present

Question 14

Trichostrongylus axei (site)

Answer 14

abomasum of ruminants

Question 15

Haemonchus sp. (site)

Answer 15

abomasum of goats and sheep in warm climates

Question 16

Haemonchus sp. (importance)

Answer 16

Bloodsuckers  adults feed for approximately 12 minutes/time; site bleeds for 6-7 minutes after feeding  can cause severe anemia

Question 17

Cooperia sp (site)

Answer 17

small intestine of young calves, rarely cause pathology

Question 18

Trichostrongylus colubriformis;Trichostrongylus lerouxi (site)

Answer 18

small intestines of ruminants (rarely primary pathogen)

Question 19

Nematodirus sp (egg)

Answer 19

very large; ovoid, clear shelled

Question 20

Nematodirus (Life cycle)

Answer 20

Most important feature – doesn’t hatch until L3 in shell – survives freezing extremes very well – found in temperate areas

Question 21

Nematodirus (importance)

Answer 21

Causes acute enteritis in lambs especially in untreated cases. Modern dewormers effective.

Question 22

Bunostomum sp. (common name)

Answer 22

hookworm of ruminants

Question 23

Bunostomum sp. (routes of infection)

Answer 23

Ingestion of L3

Percutaneous penetration of L3

Question 24

Bunostomum (importance)

Answer 24

Bloodsuckers
Less than 1,000 worms can kill an animal
Signs: Pale mucous membranes, submandibular edema, weight loss, diarrhea +/-, eggs in feces

Question 25

Strongyloides papillosus (host)

Answer 25

ruminants – most common in sheep in tropics/subtropics

facultative parasite

Question 26

Strongyloides papillosus (importance)

Answer 26

Disease of very young animals

Have immunity by 4-5 months of age

Question 27

Strongyloide papillosus (clinical signs)

Answer 27

Hemorrhagic dysentery

Loss of appetite and body weight

Question 28

Toxocara vitulorum (host)

Answer 28

cattle and buffalo, not sheep less than 6 months

Question 29

Oesophagostomum sp (importance)

Answer 29

In sheep, reaction to larvae causes severe wasting disease and damage to gut, making it useless for processing (catgut suture material

Question 30

Trichuris (host)

Answer 30

rare in cattle, common in sheep

Question 31

Most important lungworm in ruminants

Answer 31

Dictyocaulus viviparous – cattle

Dictyocaulus filaria – sheep, goat

Question 32

Dictyocaulus (site)

Answer 32

Trachea, bronchi, large bronchioles

Question 33

Dictyocaulus (importance)

Answer 33

Only lungworm of cattle – fatal epidemics in young stock

Sheep – lower mortality rate, but still highly pathogenic

Question 34

Dictyocaulus (clinical signs)

Answer 34

Week 1 – only slight cough
Week 2 – severity depends on burden
Dyspnea, increased RR, stertorous breathing; decreased appetite
Week 3
Heavy infection – death
Less severe burden – live to patent phase (>21 days) – RR increases up to 120/min, frequent cough, harsh bronchial breathing,
Greatest mortality in time period weeks 3-5
Weeks 5-6
Begin to improve if are going to recover

Question 35

Metastrongyloidea (summary)

Answer 35

Occur in lower resp. tract – lung nodules
Infection well tolerated
Dx: L1 larvae in stool

Question 36

Onchocerca (site and diagnosis)

Answer 36

Ligamentum nuchae, stifle ligaments, occ. splenic ligaments, omentum

diagnosed by skin snips of ear