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Principals of Evolution > Tree of Life Notes > Flashcards

Tree of Life Notes Flashcards

1
Q

are Eukaryotes a member of the Archaea?

A

recent studies suggest that Eukaryotes are phylogenetically nested with in Archaea

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2
Q

if Eukaryotes are members of Archaea… what does this mean?

A
  • Archaea are paraphyletic
  • we are Archaea
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3
Q

prokaryote characteristics

A
  • simple
  • no nucleus
  • no mitochondria
  • small cell
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4
Q

Eukaryote characteristics

A
  • complex
  • nucleus
  • mitochondria
  • large
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5
Q

relative to prokaryotes, eukaryotes have …

A
  • much larger cell sizes
  • nucleus
  • membrane-bound organelles
  • DNA molecules associated with histones
  • are commonly multicellular
  • both has mitosis and meiosis
  • complex cytoskeleton
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6
Q

how are Archaea and Bacteria different?

A

they differ in the details of their cellular structure, protein synthetic machinery

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7
Q

proteobacteria

A
  • largest clade of bacteria
  • endosymbiont that become the mitochondria in eukaryotes
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8
Q

examples of proteobacteria

A
  • E.coli
  • bubonic plague
  • cholera
  • salmonella
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9
Q

other names for cyanobacteria

A

blue-green algae

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10
Q

photosynthetic cyanobacteria

A

first organism to release O2 into the Earth’s atmosphere

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11
Q

ancestral cyanobacteria

A

the endosymbiont that became the 1st chloroplast

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12
Q

Plantae includes …

A
  • glaucophytes
  • red algae
  • green algae
  • land plants
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13
Q

common ancestor of Plantae

A
  • MRCA
  • had an endosymbiotic relationship with a cyanobacterium, which evolved into a chloroplast
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14
Q

red algae color

A

color obtained from pigment in chloroplasts, which have chlorophyll a

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15
Q

red algae

A
  • mostly marine, few freshwater species
  • sushi seaweed is red algae
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16
Q

phycology

A

scientific study of algae

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17
Q

green plants

A
  • a clade that includes land plants, but also several clades of green algae
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18
Q

green algae

A
  • paraphyletic
  • diverse
  • marine & freshwater
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19
Q

green algae reticulation in the tree of life

A

some fungi form symbiotic association with green algae to form lichens

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20
Q

examples of land plants

A
  • ferns
  • mosses
  • conifers
  • flowering plants
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21
Q

where and when did land plants first appear

A
  • terrestrial environment
  • 450-500 mya
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22
Q

adaptions required to live on land to reduce risks like:

A
  • drying up
  • greatly increased influence of gravity
  • nutrient transport
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23
Q

waxy cuticle on leaves synapomorphy

A

prevents desiccation

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24
Q

stomata synapomorphy

A
  • on the surface of leaves
  • important in gas exchange and photosynthesis
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25
Q

mosses

A

non vascular/paraphyletic group including mosses, liverworts, and hornworts

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26
Q

moss reproduction

A
  • reproduce using spores, not seeds
  • depends on water to move sperm to eggs
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27
Q

effect of mosses lacking complex vascular system

A
  • they cannot transport water and minerals from soil
  • this causes them to be short
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28
Q

vascular plants

A
  • includes ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms
  • have a vascular system
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29
Q

vascular system of vascular plants

A
  • includes the xylem and the phloem
  • xylem conducts water and minerals from the soil
  • lignin in the cell wall of the xylem increase structural support
  • the phloem conducts the products of photosynthesis from the leaves
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30
Q

advantages of the vascular system in plants

A
  • grow larger
  • colonize new terrestrial environments
  • diversify to new niches
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31
Q

key innovations

A

adaptations with such dramatic results

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32
Q

ferns

A
  • have spores and a good vascular system
  • alternation of generation
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33
Q

fern alternation of generations

A
  • large plant: sporophyte
  • small plant: gametophyte
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34
Q

gymnosperms

A
  • includes ginko and conifers
  • seeds but no flowers
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35
Q

conifer reproduction

A
  • conifers have cones
  • female cone contains seed
  • male cone contains pollen
  • pollen is transferred by wind
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36
Q

angiosperms

A
  • flowering plants (flowers synapomorphy)
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37
Q

angiosperms pollination

A
  • flowers improve pollination success due to animals an insects
  • fruits aid in seed dispersal from animals, wind, or water
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38
Q

examples of stramenopiles

A
  • diatoms
  • brown algae
  • oomycetes
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39
Q

stramenopiles

A
  • diatoms deposit silica in their cell walls, creating intricate patterns
  • radial or bilateral symmetry
  • unicellular
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40
Q

brown algae

A
  • color comes from carotenoids in their chloroplasts
  • can be big
  • most brown algae attach to rocks using holdfasts (not roots)
41
Q

secondary endosymbiosis

A

chloroplasts evolved via endosymbiosis with red algae

42
Q

examples of ophisthokonts

A
  • fungi
  • animals
43
Q

ophisthokonts synapomorphy

A

a flagellum that is located in the posterior portion of the organism

44
Q

fungi digestion

A
  • digest food outside their body then absorb nutrients
  • heterotrophs
  • mechanism called absorptive heterotrophy
45
Q

fungi synapomorphy

A

chitin in the cell walls

46
Q

fungi and trees symbiotic relationship

A

fungi help trees absorb water and nutrients in return for organic compounds

47
Q

lichens coverage

A

7% of the earths surface

48
Q

lichen evolution

A
  • form a symbiotic relationship with photosynthetic partners, such as green algae or cyanobacteria
49
Q

other name for animals

A

metazoans

50
Q

general characteristics of animals

A
  • multicellular
  • heterotrophic
  • motility
51
Q

animal synapomorphies

A

most are cellular details or molecular evidence

52
Q

MRCA

A

most recent common ancestor

53
Q

MRCA of animals

A

probably unicellular and looked a bit like chanoflagellates

54
Q

sponges

A
  • made up of cells called choanocytes, assembled into an organism
  • filter feeders
55
Q

examples of cnidarians

A
  • jellyfish
  • sea anemones
  • corals
56
Q

cnidarian charactersitics

A
  • two embryonic cells: diploblastic
  • one opening into the gut serves as mouth and anus
  • carnivorous
57
Q

carnivorous cnidarians

A

use specialized cells with harpoon like structures called nematocysts to capture prey

58
Q

nematocysts

A

tentacles contain a trigger at the end of a coiled threat in the nematocysts. The trigger releases the threat and enters the prey

59
Q

bilaterians

A
  • group of animals with bilateral symmetry as embryos
  • have a head & tail, as well as a back & belly
  • triploblastic
  • bilateral symmetry can be lost in adults
60
Q

bilateral symmetry

A

left and right side mirror images of each other

61
Q

blastopore

A
  • during early development, in a phase called gastrulation, a hollow ball one cell layer think indents on itself
  • blastopore is the indentation
62
Q

where does the blastopore form in protosomes?

A

mouth

63
Q

where does the blastopore form in deuterostomes?

A

anus

64
Q

protosomes + deuterostomes

A

bilaterians

65
Q

protosomes

A
  • small marine predators of smaller marine organisms
66
Q

lophophore

A

ring of tentacles around mouth

67
Q

lophotrochozoans

A

derive their name from an ancestral feeding structure and type of larvae, but these traits have undergone a lot of evolution and not all taxa have them

68
Q

ecdyzoans

A

have an outer layer called a cuticle that provides support and protection. It doesn’t grow, so it much be shed for organism to grow

69
Q

examples of echinoderms

A
  • sea stars
  • sea urchins
  • sea cucumbers
70
Q

characteristics of echinoderms

A
  • calcified external plates create their external skeleton
  • water vascular system, including tube feet: important for gas exchange and locomotion
71
Q

synapomorphies in chordates

A
  • dorsal hollow nerve chord
  • tail that extends beyond the anus
  • dorsal support rod called the notochord
72
Q

examples of Chondrichthyes

A
  • sharks
  • skates
  • rays
73
Q

characteristics of Chondrichthyes

A
  • skeleton made of cartilage
  • supportive structures in fins made out of keratin
74
Q

actinopterygii

A
  • ray finned fish which have rays of bones in fins
  • very diverse
75
Q

sarcopterygii

A

“lobe-limbed” vertebrates, in which the common ancestor has fleshy, lobed, paired fins joined to the body by a single bone homologous to our humerus

76
Q

examples of sacropterygii

A
  • coelacanths
  • lung fish
  • tetrapods
77
Q

coelacanths

A
  • thought to be extinct, but 2 species discovered
  • important for understanding the evolution of the vertebrate limb
78
Q

lungfish

A
  • closely related to tetrapods than to coelacanths
  • lungs in lungfish evolved from a gas-filled sac that extends from the esophagus in the common ancestor of bony fish
79
Q

tetrapod

A
  • 4 legged animals including amphibians, mammals, and reptiles
  • limbs evolved from a lobe-finned ancestor
80
Q

examples of amphibians

A
  • frogs
  • salamanders
81
Q

amphibians

A
  • moist skin with no scales
  • eggs composed of a series of jelly-like layers, like fish eggs. eggs must remain moist
82
Q

examples of amniotes

A
  • mammals
  • reptiles
  • birds
  • dinos
83
Q

amniotes

A
  • tough skin that is impermeable to water
  • amniotic egg is relatively impermeable to water and allows embryo to develop in a contained aquatic environment
84
Q

examples of reptilia

A
  • turtles
  • crocs
  • snakes
  • lizards
  • dinos
  • birds
85
Q

characteristics of reptilia

A

diapsid skull, which includes 2 holes behind the eye socket

86
Q

examples of squamates

A

snakes and lizards

87
Q

squamates synapomorphies

A
  • paired hemipenes
  • details of teeth and skull
88
Q

turtles

A
  • dorsal and ventral bony plates form a shell
  • dorsal plates are modified ribs
89
Q

crocodylia

A
  • carnivorous
  • females build nests on land. female guards the nests and communicates vocally with her offspring
90
Q

aves

A
  • feathers are diagnostic
  • vocalization and parental care
91
Q

are dinos extinct?

A

no because we have birds

92
Q

mammalia

A

diagnostic features include mammary glands and hair

93
Q

three groups of mammals

A
  • eutherians
  • marsupials
  • monotremes
94
Q

eutherians

A
  • placental mammals
  • the placenta is a shared derived trait of the eutherian mammals
95
Q

marsupials

A

carry their young in a pouch

96
Q

monotremes

A
  • includes platypus
  • feature inclide egg laying and no nipples
97
Q

great ape synapomorphies

A
  • enlarged mammary glands
  • knuckle walking
98
Q

chimpanzees

A
  • more closely related to humans than gorillas
  • humans and chimps shared many similarities

Principals of Evolution (18 decks)

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