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Principals of Evolution > 8/29 notes > Flashcards

8/29 notes Flashcards

1
Q

two kinds of history

A
  • chronicle
  • narrative
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2
Q

chronicle history

A

non-interpretive or non-explanatory history

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3
Q

examples of chronicle history

A
  • fossil record
  • phylogenetic trees
  • species distribution
  • data and patterns
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4
Q

narrative history

A

interpretive or explanatory history

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5
Q

examples of narrative history

A
  • story of life on earth
  • adaptive scenarios
  • causes of historical events
  • casual statements
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6
Q

explanations of state imply …

A

that traits have always been

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7
Q

explanations of change require …

A

an evolutionary chronicle

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8
Q

theory

A

a system of ideas or statements held as an explanation or account of a group of facts or phenomena

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9
Q

fact

A

something that has occurred or is actually the case

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10
Q

hypothesis

A
  • a tentative explanation that accounts for a set of facts
  • can be tested for further investigation
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11
Q

scientific theory

A

a coherent body of interconnected statements based on observation, evidence, and experiments that explain a variety of observations and phenomena

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12
Q

is evolution a scientific theory or a fact?

A

both; scientific theory and fact

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13
Q

examples of a scientific theory

A
  • atomic theory
  • evolutionary theory
  • heliocentric theory
  • theory of gravity
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14
Q

why care about evolution?

A
  • disease and health
  • harvesting of wildlife
  • food production
  • biodiversity
  • human origins
  • conservation
  • discovery
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15
Q

macroevolution

A

evolution above the species level that focuses on large phenotypic changes or relatively long periods of time

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16
Q

examples of macroevolution

A
  • mass extinction
  • adaptive radiations
  • chronicle of life on earth
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17
Q

microevolution

A

evolution below the species level or among closely related species that focuses on the processes that cause evolutionary change over relatively short periods of time

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18
Q

examples of microevolution

A
  • natural selection
  • gene movement through populations
  • random specific changes
19
Q

fish like traits in whales (macroevolution)

A
  • flukes generate thrust
  • torpedo shaped body
20
Q

mammal like traits in whales (macroevolution)

A
  • breathe air via blowhole
  • young drink milk
  • muscles run the length of the body
  • tiny bones where the hips should be
21
Q

1979 Phillip Gingerich discovers Pakicetus atrox

A
  • found in rocks that formed on land
  • skull and body emulate dogs more than whales
  • bony wall around middle ear has involucrum
  • today involucrum is only present in whales
22
Q

Ambulocetus natans

A
  • aquatic mammal
  • rear feet shaped like paddles
  • large tail
  • long head
  • mammalian teeth
  • auditory bulla w/ involucrum
  • 48 - 50 myr old fossils
23
Q

transitional form

A

a species that exhibits traits shared by ancestral and derived groups, especially when the groups are sharply differentiated

24
Q

example of transitional form

A

Ambulocetus natans

25
Q

vestigial trait

A
  • found in the rudimentary state as a result of evolutionary reduction from a a more elaborated, functional state in an ancestor
  • usually an adaption in an ancestral taxon that has lost its usefulness
26
Q

The Whippo Hypothesis

A

~ 30 fossil species have been found that illustrate a transition from a terrestrial mammal to an aquatic mammal

27
Q

HIV

A

a virus that infects cells that are part of the immune system in humans

28
Q

what does HIV cause?

A

AIDS

29
Q

when was HIV first recognized in the US?

A

1981

30
Q

how is HIV trasnferred?

A
  • sex
  • blood
  • breast milk
31
Q

is HIV a bacteria or virus?

A

virus

32
Q

HIV reproduction

A
  • HIV cannot replicate on its own
  • uses the hoses cellular machinery
33
Q

reverse transcriptase as a function of HIV reproduction

A

transcribes the HIV genome into DNA

34
Q

integrase as a function of HIV reproduction

A

splices HIV DNA into the hose genome

35
Q

protease as a function of HIV reproduction

A

cleaves precursor proteins to make functional forms

36
Q

why is developing drugs to treat HIV difficult?

A
  • their is little that is specific to HIV
  • disrupting the HIV lifecycle requires the hosts cells to be disrupted
37
Q

which immune system cells does HIV infect?

A
  • T helper cells
  • marcophages
  • dendritic cells
38
Q

what causes the immune system to become compromised when infected with HIV?

A

CD4 T cells numbers decline below a critical level

39
Q

HIV evolution

A

evolution by natural selection within a host

40
Q

what type of population size is ideal for HIV?

A
  • huge population size
  • high mutation rate
  • short generation time
  • strong natural selection
41
Q

solution to HIV

A

drug cocktails

42
Q

two life examples of microevolution

A
  • evolution of COVID-19 variants
  • evolutions of herbicide resistance in plants
43
Q

teleology

A

the doctrine of final causes that natural and historical processes are determined by their ultimate purpose

Principals of Evolution (18 decks)

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