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Principals of Evolution > Kin Selection & Social Behavior > Flashcards

Kin Selection & Social Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

recipient benefits & actor benefits

A

cooperation (mutualism)

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2
Q

recipient benefits & actor is harmed

A

alturism

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3
Q

recipient is harmful & actor benefits

A

selfishness

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4
Q

recipient is harmful & actor is harmed

A

spite

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5
Q

Darwin suggestions about selection

A

selection could favor altruistic behavior if those benefitted close relatives

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6
Q

inclusive fitness =

A

direct fitness + indirect fitness

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7
Q

direct fitness

A

personal reproduction

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8
Q

indirect fitness

A

the additional reproduction by relatives that is made possible by an individual’s actions

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9
Q

kin selection

A

natural selection favoring the spread of alleles that increase indirect fitness

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10
Q

inclusive fitness is mediated by 3 factors

A

r = relatedness
B = the benefit to the recipient
C= the cost to the actor

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11
Q

Hamilton’s Rule

A

Br - C > 0 or Br > C

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12
Q

calculating r: sibling to sibling

A

1/2

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13
Q

calculating r: first cousins

A

1/8

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14
Q

calculating r: parent to offspring

A

1/2

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15
Q

calculating r: grandparent to grandparent

A

1/4

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16
Q

calculating r: aunt/uncle to niece/nephew

A

1/4

17
Q

kin selection example: praire dogs

A
  • more likely to give alarms when kin is present
  • call as frequent in the presence of parents & full sibs as offspring
18
Q

kin selection example: squirrels

A
  • 14 yrs, observed 30 natural predator attacks
  • squirrels whistle for hawks, but trill for mammals
19
Q

whistling for hawks =

A

selfish

20
Q

trilling for mammals =

A

altruistic

21
Q

eusociality describes social systems with:

A
  • overlapping generations between parents & offspring
  • cooperative brood care
  • specialized casts of non-reproductive individuals
22
Q

where is eusociality common?

A

Hymenoptera

23
Q

is there something that predisposes members of Hymenoptera to be eusocial?

A

haplodiploidy

24
Q

haploid

A

males develop from unfertilized eggs

25
Q

diploid

A

females develop from fertilized eggs

26
Q

hymenoptera are _________________

A

haploiddiploid

27
Q

females maximize their inclusive fitness if they ….

A

raise sisters

28
Q

consequence of females maximizing their inclusive fitness

A

because female workers are r=3/4 to sisters & r=1/4 to brothers, they should favor a 3:1 sex ratio

29
Q

does haploidiploidy explain eusociality?

A
  • calculations assume the queen mates once (1 father). but in honey queens, the queen mates with multiple males. so females are less closely related
  • in many species, >1 queen so many workers are related by r=0
  • many haploid species are not eusocial and vice versa
30
Q

eusociality is influenced by ecology & genetics

A

the evolution of nesting behavior, & the need to supply larvae with food, it makes it difficult for a female to manage a nest by herself

31
Q

naked mole rats

A
  • live underground in colonies
  • dig tunnel systems up to 2 miles long
  • ectothermic
32
Q

naked mole rat natural history

A
  • neither moles or rats
  • eusocial, but with XY genetic system
  • 1 queen, 2-3 reproductive males
  • found in desert regions in the Horn of Africa
  • highly inbred groups
33
Q

how do non-kin cooperate among each other in nature?

A

individuals can be selected to dispense altruistic acts if equally valuable favors are later returned to the benefactors

34
Q

in reciprocal altruism, two conditions must be met

A
  • cost to actor must be </= benefit to recipient
  • cheaters must be punished
35
Q

reciprocal altruism most likely to evolve when:

A
  • groups stable & individuals repeatedly interact
  • many opportunities for altruism
  • individuals have good memories
    potential altruists interact in symmetrical situations
36
Q

vampire bat natural history

A
  • social units of 8-12 adult females & their offspring
  • Costa Rica
  • roost in tree by day
  • average r-0.11 among interacting individuals
  • 33% of juveniles & 7% of adults fail to eat each night

Principals of Evolution (18 decks)

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